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PRO Proceedings & Abstracts --- proceedings --- minerals --- natural ecosystems --- primary products

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Empirical evidence indicates that in many developing regions, the extreme poor in more marginal land areas form a "residual" pool of rural labor. Structural transformation in such developing economies depends crucially on labor and land use decisions of these most-vulnerable populations located on abundant but marginal agricultural land. Although the modern sector may be the source of dynamic growth through learning-by-doing and knowledge spillovers, patterns of labor, land and other natural resources use in the rural economy matter in the overall dynamics of structural change. The concentration of the rural poor on marginal lands is essentially a barometer of economy-wide development. As long as there are abundant marginal lands for cultivation, they serve to absorb rural migrants, increased population, and displaced unskilled labor from elsewhere in the economy. Moreover, the economy is vulnerable to the "Dutch disease" effects of a booming primary products sector. As a consequence, productivity increases and expansion in the commercial primary production sector will cause manufacturing employment and output to contract, until complete specialization occurs. Avoiding such an outcome and combating the inherent dualism of the economy requires both targeted polices for the modern sector and traditional agriculture on marginal lands.

Dualism --- Energy --- Environment --- Marginal lands --- Primary products --- Rural poverty --- Structural change

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In many societies, social norms create common property rights in natural resources, limiting incentives for private investment. This paper uses a randomized evaluation in Kenya to measure the health impacts of investments to improve source water quality through spring protection, estimate the value that households place on spring protection, and simulate the welfare impacts of alternative water property rights norms and institutions, including common property, freehold private property, and alternative "Lockean" property rights norms. We find that infrastructure investments reduce fecal contamination by 66% at naturally occurring springs, cutting child diarrhea by one quarter. While households increase their use of protected springs, travel-cost based revealed preference estimates of households' valuations are only one-half stated preference valuations and are much smaller than levels implied by health planners' typical valuations of child mortality, consistent with models in which the demand for health is highly income elastic. Simulations suggest that, at current income levels, private property norms would generate little additional investment while imposing large static costs due to spring owners' local market power, but that private property norms might function better than common property at higher income levels. Alternative institutions, such as "modified Lockean" property rights, government investment or vouchers for improved water, could yield higher social welfare.

Field Experiments --- State and Local Government: Health • Education • Welfare • Public Pensions --- Agriculture • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Other Primary Products --- Water --- Valuation of Environmental Effects

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The 2010s have been a dramatic period for most primary commodity markets. Producers suffered heavily as prices fell in response to new supply facilities going into production, juxtaposed against disappointing demand evolution from China in particular, marking the end of the most powerful and enduring commodity boom since the Second World War. This book is a guide to the primary commodity universe, an increasingly crucial part of the world economy. In this updated edition, Marian Radetzki and Linda Wårell introduce and explain pertinent issues surrounding international commodity markets, including the importance of fossil markets among commodities, price formation, price trends, the shift in primary commodity consumption towards Asia, the increasing reliance on commodity exchanges, new relaxed attitude towards depletion, cartel action, and the revival of nationalism and state ownership. This is an accessible read for graduates, academic researchers, and professionals in the mineral and energy sectors.

Primary commodities. --- Primary commodities --- Commercial policy. --- Foreign trade policy --- International trade --- International trade policy --- Trade policy --- Economic policy --- International economic relations --- Basic commodities --- Commodities, Basic --- Commodities, Primary --- Primary products --- Commercial products --- Prices. --- Government policy

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This paper investigates the effect of timeliness in accessing the intermediate inputs on the trade pattern. In particular, any country that has a higher ability to transport goods on time has a comparative advantage in industries that place a higher value on the timely delivery of their inputs, and this comparative advantage pattern is stronger for processed goods than for primary goods. To do this, a measure for how intensively any industry demands for the timely delivery of its intermediate inputs is constructed combining Hummels and Schaur (2013)’s calculations of the time sensitivity of products with the input-output tables.

Primary commodities. --- Basic commodities --- Commodities, Basic --- Commodities, Primary --- Primary products --- Commercial products --- Primary commodities --- E-books --- Exports and Imports --- Infrastructure --- Trade: General --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- Economic Development: Agriculture --- Natural Resources --- Energy --- Environment --- Other Primary Products --- Industrialization --- Manufacturing and Service Industries --- Choice of Technology --- Economic Development: Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis --- Housing --- Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities: General --- Investment --- Capital --- Intangible Capital --- Capacity --- Neoclassical Models of Trade --- Macroeconomics --- International economics --- Transportation --- Exports --- Comparative advantage --- Trade balance --- National accounts --- International trade --- Saving and investment --- Balance of trade --- Nepal