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In 1992, at the end of a twelve-year civil war, El Salvador was poised for a transition to democracy. Yet, after longstanding dominance by a small oligarchy that continually used violence to repress popular resistance, El Salvador’s democracy has proven to be a fragile one, as social ills (poverty chief among them) have given rise to neighborhoods where gang activity now thrives. Mano Dura examines the ways in which the ruling ARENA party used gang violence to solidify political power in the hands of the elite—culminating in draconian “iron fist” antigang policies that undermine human rights while ultimately doing little to address the roots of gang membership. Drawing on extensive ethnographic fieldwork and policy analysis, Mano Dura examines the activities of three nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) that have advocated for more nuanced policies to eradicate gangs and the societal issues that are both a cause and an effect of gang proliferation. While other studies of street gangs have focused on relatively distant countries such as Colombia, Argentina, and Jamaica, Sonja Wolf’s research takes us to a country closer to the United States, where forced deportation has brought with it US gang culture. Charting the limited success of NGOs in influencing El Salvador’s security policies, the book brings to light key contextual aspects—including myopic media coverage and the ironic populist support for ARENA, despite the party’s protection of the elite at the expense of the greater society.

Gang prevention --- Government policy --- Gang intervention --- Gangs --- Intervention, Gang --- Prevention of gangs --- Crime prevention --- Prevention --- El Salvador --- Politics and government. --- Social conditions.

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This book challenges current thinking about youth violence and gangs, and their racialisation by the media and the police. It highlights how the street gang label is unfairly linked to Black (and urban) youth street-based lifestyles/cultures and friendship groups.

Crime. --- Juvenile delinquency --- Gangs. --- Gang prevention. --- Crime and race. --- Youth, Black --- Prevention. --- Crimes against. --- Crews (Gangs) --- Crime syndicates --- Street gangs --- Teen gangs --- Teenage gangs --- Criminals --- Juvenile delinquents --- Hoodlums --- Race and crime --- Race-crime relationships --- Race --- Gang intervention --- Gangs --- Intervention, Gang --- Prevention of gangs --- Crime prevention --- Prevention of juvenile delinquency --- Black youth --- Negro youth --- City crime --- Crime --- Crime and criminals --- Crimes --- Delinquency --- Felonies --- Misdemeanors --- Urban crime --- Social problems --- Criminal justice, Administration of --- Criminal law --- Criminology --- Transgression (Ethics) --- Prevention --- Social aspects

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Crime prevention --- Violence --- Gangs --- Gang prevention --- Drug traffic --- Central America --- Social conditions. --- Drug dealing --- Drug production, Illicit --- Drug smuggling --- Drug trade, Illicit --- Drug trafficking --- Drugs --- Illicit drug production --- Illicit drug trade --- Narcotic trade --- Narcotic traffic --- Narcotic trafficking --- Smuggling of drugs --- Smuggling of narcotics --- Traffic, Drug --- Trafficking in drugs --- Trafficking in narcotics --- Gang intervention --- Intervention, Gang --- Prevention of gangs --- Crews (Gangs) --- Crime syndicates --- Street gangs --- Teen gangs --- Teenage gangs --- Violent behavior --- Crime --- Prevention of crime --- Prices and sale --- Prevention --- Government policy --- Drug abuse and crime --- Narco-terrorism --- Criminals --- Juvenile delinquents --- Hoodlums --- Social psychology --- Public safety

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In 2003, an FBI-led task force known as Operation Fly Trap attempted to dismantle a significant drug network in two Bloods-controlled, African American neighborhoods in Los Angeles. The operation would soon be considered an enormous success, noted for the precision with which the task force targeted and removed gang members otherwise entrenched in larger communities. In Operation Fly Trap, Susan A. Phillips questions both the success of this operation and the methods used to conduct it. Based on in-depth ethnographic research with Fly Trap participants, Phillips's work brings together police narratives, crime statistics, gang cultural histories, and extensive public policy analysis to examine the relationship between state persecution and the genesis of violent social systems. Crucial to Phillips's contribution is the presentation of the voices and perspectives of both the people living in impoverished communities and the agents that police them. Phillips positions law enforcement surveillance and suppression as a critical point of contact between citizen and state. She tracks the bureaucratic workings of police and FBI agencies and the language, ideologies, and methods that prevail within them, and shows how gangs have adapted, seeking out new locations, learning to operate without hierarchies, and moving their activities more deeply underground. Additionally, she shows how the targeted efforts of task forces such as Fly Trap wreak sweeping, sustained damage on family members and the community at large. Balancing her roles as even-handed reporter and public scholar, Phillips presents multiple flaws within the US criminal justice system and builds a powerful argument that many law enforcement policies in fact nurture, rather than prevent, violence in American society.

Drug control --- Drug enforcement agents --- Drug traffic --- Gang prevention --- Gangs --- Informers --- Informants (Criminal investigation) --- Police informers --- Stool pigeons --- Complaints (Criminal procedure) --- Crime prevention --- Criminal investigation --- Prosecution --- State's evidence --- Crews (Gangs) --- Crime syndicates --- Street gangs --- Teen gangs --- Teenage gangs --- Criminals --- Juvenile delinquents --- Hoodlums --- Gang intervention --- Intervention, Gang --- Prevention of gangs --- Drug dealing --- Drug production, Illicit --- Drug smuggling --- Drug trade, Illicit --- Drug trafficking --- Drugs --- Illicit drug production --- Illicit drug trade --- Narcotic trade --- Narcotic traffic --- Narcotic trafficking --- Smuggling of drugs --- Smuggling of narcotics --- Traffic, Drug --- Trafficking in drugs --- Trafficking in narcotics --- Drug abuse and crime --- Narco-terrorism --- Agents, Drug enforcement --- Drug agents (Drug enforcement agents) --- Enforcement agents, Drug --- Narcotic agents (Drug enforcement agents) --- Narcotic enforcement agents --- Narcotics agents (Drug enforcement agents) --- Narcs --- Police --- Drug enforcement --- Drug law enforcement --- Drug policy --- Drug traffic control --- Narcotics, Control of --- War on drugs --- Vice control --- Social aspects --- Investigation --- Prevention --- Prices and sale --- Government policy --- Snitches (Informers) --- Persons