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Economics, Prehistoric --- Iron age --- Civilization --- Economic prehistory --- Palaeoeconomics --- Palaeoeconomy --- Paleoeconomics --- Paleoeconomy --- Prehistoric economics --- Economic anthropology --- Norway --- Antiquities.

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Instead of dwelling on the biological, physiological, or even the genetic aspects of our evolution, "Titans of the Forests" takes a completely different approach, which could be referred to as the unchartered and neglected field of macroevolution. Uniquely captivating, controversial, and very readable, it is the author's contention that we as a species were continuously forced to change our way of obtaining nourishment, or rather our various economies, in order to adapt to the ever-changing world. And as a result of this economic adaptation, our species would then and only then begin to slowly change into the modern humans of today. For much too long, the world's scientific community has directed the discussion of our incredible evolution. As a matter of fact, our species' biological, physiological, psychological, and cultural evolution has been instigated, propelled, and shaped by our economic adaptation to a fluctuating environment. In a very real sense, the scientists are so far into the trees that they have actually ignored the forest. Consequently, we teach human evolution as a hodgepodge of different theories within the realm of microevolution, thus failing to understand or even to recognize the economic thread that binds them altogether. By integrating the timeline of our prehistoric past with that of our earliest known economies (food gathering, scavenging, and nomadism), the author was able to synthesize a sequence of events that illustrates the economic basis of our remarkable ascension and the beginnings of our present day institutions. He not only reveals the genesis behind the cultural forces that exist within every human society, but for the first time, he has created a systematic and holistic approach in explaining the "how" and the "why" we have economically, physiologically, and then culturally evolved. For unlike the rest of the animal kingdom, we have possessed the extraordinary ability to change our economy, which has made us an extremely adaptable species.

Economics, Prehistoric. --- Human evolution. --- Economic prehistory --- Palaeoeconomics --- Palaeoeconomy --- Paleoeconomics --- Paleoeconomy --- Prehistoric economics --- Evolution (Biology) --- Physical anthropology --- Evolutionary psychology --- Human beings --- Economic anthropology --- Origin

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Over the last thirty years, new scientific techniques have revolutionised our understanding of prehistoric economies. They enable a sound comprehension of human diet and subsistence in different environments, which is an essential framework for appreciating the rich tapestry of past human cultural variation. This volume first considers the origins of economic approaches in archaeology and the theoretical debates surrounding issues such as 'environmental determinism'. Using globally diverse examples, Alan K. Outram and Amy Bogaard critically investigate the best way to integrate newer lines of evidence such as ancient genetics, stable isotope analysis, organic residue chemistry and starch and phytolith studies with long-established forms of archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological data. Two case study chapters, on early Neolithic farming in Europe, and the origins of domestic horses and pastoralism in Central Asia, illustrate the benefit of a multi-proxy approach and how economic considerations feed into broader social and cultural questions.

Social archaeology --- Environmental archaeology --- Archaeology --- Economics, Prehistoric --- Economic prehistory --- Palaeoeconomics --- Palaeoeconomy --- Paleoeconomics --- Paleoeconomy --- Prehistoric economics --- Economic anthropology --- Archaeology, Environmental --- Methodology --- Social archaeology. --- Environmental archaeology. --- Economics, Prehistoric. --- Methodology.

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Economic history --- Economics, Prehistoric. --- Hellenism. --- Histoire économique --- Economie préhistorique --- Hellénisme --- Histoire économique --- Economie préhistorique --- Hellénisme --- Economics, Prehistoric --- Hellenism --- Economic prehistory --- Palaeoeconomics --- Palaeoeconomy --- Paleoeconomics --- Paleoeconomy --- Prehistoric economics --- Economic anthropology

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The papers gathered in this volume explore the economic and social roles of exchange systems in past societies from a variety of different perspectives. Based on a broad range of individual case studies, the authors tackle problems surrounding the identification of (pre-monetary) currencies in the archaeological record. These concern the part played by weight measurement systems in their development, the changing role of objects as they shift between different spheres of exchange, e.g. from gifts to commodities, as well as wider issues regarding the role of exchange networks as agents of social and economic change. Among the specific questions the papers address is what happens when new objects of value are introduced into a system, or when existing objects go out of use, as well as how exchange systems react to events such as crises or the emergence of new polities and social constellations. One theme that unites most of the papers is the tension between what is introduced from the outside and changes that are driven by social transformations within a given group.

Economics, Prehistoric --- Civilization, Ancient --- Excavations (Archaeology) --- E-books --- Archaeological digs --- Archaeological excavations --- Digs (Archaeology) --- Excavation sites (Archaeology) --- Ruins --- Sites, Excavation (Archaeology) --- Archaeology --- Ancient civilization --- Economic prehistory --- Palaeoeconomics --- Palaeoeconomy --- Paleoeconomics --- Paleoeconomy --- Prehistoric economics --- Economic anthropology --- Exchange --- Commerce, Prehistoric. --- Economics, Prehistoric. --- History.