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This volume introduces the gender dimension in the empirical analyses on the links between trade and poverty. Gender disparities, an important component of overall inequality, may limit the gains from trade and the potential benefits to poor people. This view is supported by the robust finding that while growth (as well as the gains from trade) is the major vehicle of lifting people out of poverty, it is more likely to be pro-poor when initial inequality is low. High inequality directly lowers the rate of poverty reduction by hindering growth. Ample evidence shows that, in spite of recent

Tariff preferences. --- Tariff preferences --- Free trade --- Commercial policy --- International trade --- Commerce --- Business & Economics --- International Commerce --- Differential duty --- Discriminating duty --- Generalized system of preferences (Tariff) --- GSP (Tariff) --- Preferences, Tariff --- Preferential duty --- Preferential tariff --- Trade preferences --- Tariff

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Using detailed data on trade and tariffs from 1992-2007, the authors examine how the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement has affected trade with nonmembers and external tariffs facing nonmembers. First, the paper examines the effect of preferential and external tariff reduction on import growth from ASEAN insiders and outsiders across HS 6-digit industries. The analysis finds no evidence that preferential liberalization has led to lower import growth from nonmembers. Second, it examines the relationship between preferential tariff reduction and MFN tariff reduction. The analysis finds that preferential liberalization tends to precede external tariff liberalization. To examine whether this tariff complementarity is a result of simultaneous decision making, the authors use the scheduled future preferential tariff reductions (agreed to in 1992) as instruments for actual preferential tariff changes after the Asia crisis. The results remain unchanged, suggesting that there is a causal relationship between preferential and MFN tariff reduction. The findings also indicate that external liberalization was relatively sharper in the products where preferences are likely to be most damaging, proving further support for a causal effect. Overall, the results imply that the ASEAN agreement has been a force for broader liberalization.

Economic integration --- External tariff --- External tariffs --- External trade --- External trade barriers --- Free Trade --- Free trade --- International Economics and Trade --- International Trade and Trade Rules --- Law and Justice --- Multilateral liberalization --- Preferential tariff --- Preferential tariff reduction --- Regional integration --- Regional trade --- Regional trade agreements --- Regionalism --- Tariff reduction --- Tariff reductions --- Trade agreement --- Trade and Regional Integration --- Trade flows --- Trade Law --- Trade liberalization --- Trade Policy --- World trade --- World trade organization

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An important question in the design of bilateral and regional free trade agreements (FTAs) covering services is to what extent nonmembers benefit from the trade preferences that are negotiated among members. This question is resolved through services rules of origin. The restrictiveness of rules of origin determines the degree of preferences entailed in market opening commitments, shaping the bargaining incentives of FTAs and their eventual economic effects. Even though the number of FTAs in services has increased rapidly in recent years, hardly any research is available that can guide policymakers on the economic implications of different rules of origin. After outlining the key economic tradeoffs and options for rules of origin in services, the paper summarizes the main findings of a research project that has assessed the rules of origin question for five countries in the ASEAN region. For selected service subsectors and a number of criteria for rules or origin, simulation exercises evaluated which service providers would or would not be eligible for preferences negotiated under a FTA. Among other findings, the simulation results point to the binding nature of a domestic ownership or control requirement and, for the specific case of financial services, a requirement of incorporation.

Agreement On Trade --- Banks and Banking Reform --- Bilateral Trade --- Border Trade --- Corporate Law --- Debt Markets --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Exporters --- Exports --- External Tariffs --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Free Trade --- Free Trade Agreements --- International Economics & Trade --- Law and Development --- Liberalization of Trade --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market Access --- Preferential Tariff --- Preferential Tariff Treatment --- Private Sector Development --- Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures --- Public Sector Development --- Rules of Origin --- Tariff Rates --- Tariffs --- Trade Agreement --- Trade and Services --- Trade Barriers --- Trade Law --- Trade Policy --- Trade Preferences --- Transport Costs --- World Trade

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Belastingen --- Douane --- Droit commercial --- Handelsrecht --- Impôts --- Tariff preferences --- Law and legislation --- 341.2 --- -Differential duty --- Discriminating duty --- Generalized system of preferences (Tariff) --- GSP (Tariff) --- Preferences, Tariff --- Preferential duty --- Preferential tariff --- Trade preferences --- Tariff --- Subjecten en objecten in het volkenrecht --(algemeen) --- Law and legislation. --- Differential duty --- 341.2 Subjecten en objecten in het volkenrecht --(algemeen) --- Douanetarieven --- Tarifs douaniers --- droit international --- Tariff preferences - Law and legislation

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This report aims to answer two major questions: (1) How beneficial are the trade preferences provided to developing countries; and (2) what are the implications of possible erosion of these benefits under multilateral trade liberalisation? The report focuses on trade preferences provided by the so-called Quad countries (Canada, the European Union, Japan and the United States) because they have some of the world’s highest tariffs on agricultural commodities. Findings from this study suggest that although preferential margins will be eroded with multilateral liberalisation, this may be a problem only for certain countries and within specific sectors, and that factors not related to preferential trade schemes may be limiting the exports of the least-developed countries (LDC).

Developing countries -- Commerce. --- Free trade. --- Tariff preferences. --- Trade blocs. --- Tariff preferences --- Trade blocs --- Free trade --- Commerce --- Business & Economics --- International Commerce --- Free trade and protection --- Trade, Free --- Trade liberalization --- Regional economic blocs --- Regional trading blocs --- Trading blocs --- Differential duty --- Discriminating duty --- Generalized system of preferences (Tariff) --- GSP (Tariff) --- Preferences, Tariff --- Preferential duty --- Preferential tariff --- Trade preferences --- International trade --- Tariff --- Canada --- European Union --- Japan --- United States