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This study examines the relationship between transport infrastructure and agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa using new data obtained from geographic information systems (GIS). First, the authors analyze the impact of road connectivity on crop production and choice of technology. Second, they explore the impact of investments that reduce road travel times. Finally, they show how this type of analysis can be used to compare cost-benefit ratios for alternative road investments in terms of agricultural output per dollar invested. The authors find that agricultural production is highly correlated with proximity (as measured by travel time) to urban markets. Likewise, adoption of high-productive/high-input technology is negatively correlated with travel time to urban centers. There is therefore substantial scope for increasing agricultural production in Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in more remote areas. Total crop production relative to potential production is 45 percent for areas within four hours' travel time from a city of 100,000 people. In contrast, it is just 5 percent for areas more than eight hours away. Low population densities and long travel times to urban centers sharply constrain production. Reducing transport costs and travel times to these areas would expand the feasible market size for these regions. Compared to West Africa, East Africa has lower population density, smaller local markets, lower road connectivity, and lower average crop production per unit area. Unlike in East Africa, reducing travel time does not significantly increase the adoption of high-input/high-yield technology in West Africa. This may be because West Africa already has a relatively well-connected road network.

Accessibility --- Agriculture --- Climate Change and Agriculture --- Connected road network --- Crops & Crop Management Systems --- Crossing --- Economic Theory & Research --- Impact of transport --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Population densities --- Population density --- Regional Economic Development --- Road --- Road information --- Road infrastructure --- Road quality --- Road type --- Rural roads --- Transport --- Transport costs --- Transport Economics Policy & Planning --- Transport infrastructure --- Travel speed --- Travel speeds --- Travel time --- Travel times

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"This book concentrates on the different ways in which the major world religions view the problems of overpopulation and excess resource consumption and how they approach possible solutions. After examining the natural background and the human context, the book moves on to consider both religious and secular approaches. It analyzes how a particular religion's scriptures comment on the nature of people, the environment, people's place in the environment, and their roles and responsibilities. The historical dimension is derived from reviewing a particular religion's record in teaching about these issues, often demonstrating how broader issues are addressed. Practical lessons are learned from religious guidelines that deal with current problems and offer solutions. The authors consider Aboriginal spirituality, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Chinese religions. The secular approaches include secular ethics, North-South relations, market forces, the status of women, and international law." (Excerpt).

Population policy --- Population --- Nature --- Consumption (Economics) --- Population Density. --- Religion. --- Conservation of Natural Resources. --- Population Control. --- Public Policy. --- Economics --- Environment --- Health Resources --- Women's Rights --- Conservation of Natural Resources --- Population Density --- Population Control --- Public Policy --- Ethics --- Socioeconomic Factors --- Organization and Administration --- Legislation as Topic --- Religion --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Ecological and Environmental Phenomena --- Health Planning --- Humanities --- Population Dynamics --- Sociology --- Morals --- Delivery of Health Care --- Social Control, Formal --- Human Rights --- Demography --- Technology, Industry, and Agriculture --- Philosophy --- Social Control Policies --- Environment and Public Health --- Social Sciences --- Population Characteristics --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Health Services Administration --- Policy --- Epidemiologic Measurements --- Health Care --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Technology, Industry, Agriculture --- Biological Phenomena --- Psychology, Social --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms --- Public Health --- Phenomena and Processes --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Business & Economics --- Ecological and Environmental Concepts --- Ecological and Environmental Processes --- Healthcare Economics and Organizations --- Health Care Economics --- Health Economics --- Healthcare Economics --- Care Economic, Health --- Economic, Health --- Economic, Health Care --- Economic, Healthcare --- Economics, Health Care --- Health Care Economic --- Health Economic --- Healthcare Economic --- Prayer --- Religious Beliefs --- Religious Ethics --- Beliefs, Religious --- Ethic, Religious --- Prayers --- Religions --- Religious Belief --- Spiritual Therapies --- Secularism --- Constitutional Amendments --- Health Legislation as Topic --- Laws and Statutes --- Legislation, Health --- Model Legislation --- Population Law --- Statutes and Laws --- Health Legislation --- Amendment, Constitutional --- Amendments, Constitutional --- Constitutional Amendment --- Law, Population --- Laws, Population --- Legislation, Model --- Population Laws --- Demographic Effectiveness --- Population Programs --- Population Programs, Goals --- Control, Population --- Controls, Population --- Effectiveness, Demographic --- Population Controls --- Population Program --- Program, Population --- Programs, Population --- Contraception --- Sterilization, Reproductive --- Administration and Organization --- Administrative Technics --- Administrative Techniques --- Coordination, Administrative --- Logistics --- Supervision --- Technics, Administrative --- Techniques, Administrative --- Administration --- Administrative Coordination --- Administrative Technic --- Administrative Technique --- Technic, Administrative --- Technique, Administrative --- Overpopulation --- Population Size --- Underpopulation --- Densities, Population --- Density, Population --- Population Densities --- Population Sizes --- Factors, Socioeconomic --- High-Income Population --- Land Tenure --- Standard of Living --- Social Inequalities --- Social Inequality --- Factor, Socioeconomic --- High Income Population --- High-Income Populations --- Inequalities, Social --- Inequality, Social --- Living Standard --- Living Standards --- Population, High-Income --- Populations, High-Income --- Socioeconomic Factor --- Tenure, Land --- Carrying Capacity --- Deforestation --- Desertification --- Environmental Protection --- Natural Resources Conservation --- Protection, Environmental --- Capacities, Carrying --- Capacity, Carrying --- Carrying Capacities --- Conservation, Natural Resources --- Natural Resources --- Egoism --- Ethical Issues --- Metaethics --- Moral Policy --- Natural Law --- Situational Ethics --- Ethical Issue --- Ethics, Situational --- Issue, Ethical --- Issues, Ethical --- Law, Natural --- Laws, Natural --- Moral Policies --- Natural Laws --- Policies, Moral --- Policy, Moral --- Censorship, Research --- Affirmative Action --- Migration Policy --- Population Policy --- Social Protection --- Social Policy --- Action, Affirmative --- Migration Policies --- Policies, Migration --- Policies, Population --- Policies, Public --- Policies, Social --- Policy, Migration --- Policy, Population --- Policy, Public --- Policy, Social --- Population Policies --- Protection, Social --- Public Policies --- Social Policies --- Policy Making --- Resources --- Health Resource --- Resource --- Resource, Health --- Resources, Health --- Environmental Impact --- Environmental Impacts --- Impact, Environmental --- Impacts, Environmental --- Environments --- Environmental Health --- Capital --- Conditions, Economic --- Consumption --- Cost of Living --- Easterlin Hypothesis --- Economic Conditions --- Economic Policies --- Economic Policy --- Economics, Home --- Home Economics --- Household Consumption --- Macroeconomic Factors --- Microeconomic Factors --- Policies, Economic --- Policy, Economic --- Production --- Remittances --- Utility Theory --- Consumer Price Index --- Condition, Economic --- Consumer Price Indices --- Consumption, Household --- Economic Condition --- Factor, Macroeconomic --- Factor, Microeconomic --- Factors, Macroeconomic --- Factors, Microeconomic --- Household Consumptions --- Hypothesis, Easterlin --- Index, Consumer Price --- Indices, Consumer Price --- Living Cost --- Living Costs --- Remittance --- Theories, Utility --- Theory, Utility --- Utility Theories --- Consumer demand --- Consumer spending --- Consumerism --- Spending, Consumer --- Demand (Economic theory) --- Anthropogenic effects on nature --- Ecological footprint --- Human beings --- Anthropogenic soils --- Human ecology --- Human population --- Human populations --- Population growth --- Populations, Human --- Malthusianism --- Community Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine & Public Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine and Public Health --- Health, Community --- Health, Public --- Preventive Medicine --- Education, Public Health Professional --- Behavior And Behavior Mechanism --- Psychology, Perceptual --- Social Psychology --- Perceptual Psychology --- Biologic Phenomena --- Biological Phenomenon --- Biological Process --- Phenomena, Biological --- Biological Processes --- Phenomena, Biologic --- Phenomenon, Biological --- Process, Biological --- Processes, Biological --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Measurements, Epidemiologic --- Epidemiologic Measurement --- Measurement, Epidemiologic --- Policies --- Administration, Health Services --- Health Services --- Healthcare Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Population Heterogeneity --- Population Statistics --- Characteristic, Population --- Characteristics, Population --- Heterogeneity, Population --- Population Characteristic --- Statistics, Population --- Science, Social --- Sciences, Social --- Social Science --- Control Policies, Social --- Control Policy, Social --- Policies, Social Control --- Policy, Social Control --- Social Control Policy --- Pharmacy Philosophy --- Philosophical Overview --- Hedonism --- Stoicism --- Overview, Philosophical --- Overviews, Philosophical --- Pharmacy Philosophies --- Philosophical Overviews --- Philosophies --- Philosophies, Pharmacy --- Philosophy, Pharmacy --- Accounting, Demographic --- Analyses, Demographic --- Analyses, Multiregional --- Analysis, Period --- Brass Technic --- Brass Technique --- Demographers --- Demographic Accounting --- Demographic Analysis --- Demographic Factor --- Demographic Factors --- Demographic Impact --- Demographic Impacts --- Demographic Survey --- Demographic Surveys --- Demographic and Health Surveys --- Demographics --- Demography, Historical --- Demography, Prehistoric --- Factor, Demographic --- Factors, Demographic --- Family Reconstitution --- Historical Demography --- Impact, Demographic --- Impacts, Demographic --- Multiregional Analysis --- Period Analysis --- Population Spatial Distribution --- Prehistoric Demography --- Reverse Survival Method --- Stable Population Method --- Survey, Demographic --- Surveys, Demographic --- Demographer --- Demographic --- Demographic and Health Survey --- Population Distribution --- Analyses, Period --- Analysis, Demographic --- Analysis, Multiregional --- Demographic Analyses --- Demographies, Historical --- Demographies, Prehistoric --- Distribution, Population --- Distribution, Population Spatial --- Distributions, Population --- Distributions, Population Spatial --- Family Reconstitutions --- Historical Demographies --- Method, Reverse Survival --- Method, Stable Population --- Methods, Reverse Survival --- Methods, Stable Population --- Multiregional Analyses --- Period Analyses --- Population Distributions --- Population Methods, Stable --- Population Spatial Distributions --- Prehistoric Demographies --- Reconstitution, Family --- Reconstitutions, Family --- Reverse Survival Methods --- Spatial Distribution, Population --- Spatial Distributions, Population --- Stable Population Methods --- Technic, Brass --- Technique, Brass --- Collective Human Rights --- Equal Rights --- Linguistic Rights --- Right to Housing and Shelter --- Rights of Indigenous Peoples --- Human Rights, Collective --- Indigenous Peoples Rights --- Rights, Collective Human --- Rights, Equal --- Rights, Linguistic --- Social Justice --- Human Rights Abuses --- Regulation --- Social Control --- Control, Social --- Controls, Social --- Formal Social Control --- Formal Social Controls --- Regulations --- Social Controls --- Morality --- Retrospective Moral Judgment --- General Social Development and Population --- Demographic Aging --- Demographic Transition --- Optimum Population --- Population Decrease --- Population Pressure --- Population Replacement --- Population Theory --- Residential Mobility --- Rural-Urban Migration --- Stable Population --- Stationary Population --- Neomalthusianism --- Aging, Demographic --- Decrease, Population --- Decreases, Population --- Demographic Transitions --- Dynamics, Population --- Migration, Rural-Urban --- Migrations, Rural-Urban --- Mobilities, Residential --- Mobility, Residential --- Optimum Populations --- Population Decreases --- Population Pressures --- Population Replacements --- Population Theories --- Population, Optimum --- Population, Stable --- Population, Stationary --- Populations, Optimum --- Populations, Stable --- Populations, Stationary --- Pressure, Population --- Pressures, Population --- Replacement, Population --- Replacements, Population --- Residential Mobilities --- Rural Urban Migration --- Rural-Urban Migrations --- Stable Populations --- Stationary Populations --- Theories, Population --- Theory, Population --- Transition, Demographic --- Transitions, Demographic --- Life History Traits --- Genetics, Population --- PL93-641 --- Public Law 93-641 --- Health and Welfare Planning --- National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974 --- Planning, Health and Welfare --- State Health Planning, United States --- Planning, Health --- Public Law 93 641 --- Planning Techniques --- Woman's Rights --- Women's Status --- Women's Liberation --- Liberation, Women's --- Right, Woman's --- Right, Women's --- Rights, Woman's --- Rights, Women's --- Status, Women's --- Woman Rights --- Woman's Right --- Women Status --- Women's Right --- Religious aspects. --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Environmental aspects. --- Effect of human beings on. --- Moral and religious aspects --- organization & administration --- Consumption (Economics). --- Religious aspects --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Environmental aspects --- Influence on nature --- Economic and Social Factors --- Social and Economic Factors --- Socioeconomic Characteristics --- Characteristic, Socioeconomic --- Socioeconomic Characteristic --- Psychiatry --- Economics. --- Environment. --- Health Resources. --- Women's Rights. --- Ethics. --- Socioeconomic Factors. --- Organization and Administration. --- Legislation as Topic. --- Health Care Economics and Organizations. --- Ecological and Environmental Phenomena. --- Health Planning. --- Humanities. --- Population Dynamics. --- Sociology. --- Morals. --- Delivery of Health Care. --- Social Control, Formal. --- Human Rights. --- Demography. --- Technology, Industry, and Agriculture. --- Philosophy. --- Social Control Policies. --- Environment and Public Health. --- Social Sciences. --- Population Characteristics. --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation. --- Health Services Administration. --- Policy. --- Epidemiologic Measurements. --- Biological Phenomena. --- Psychology, Social. --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms. --- Public Health. --- Psychiatry.