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This paper analyzes changes in agricultural production and economic welfare of farmers in rural Peru resulting from a large irrigation infrastructure rehabilitation project. The analysis uses a ten-year district panel and a spatial regression discontinuity approach to measure the causal effect of the intervention. While general impacts are modest, the analysis shows that the project is progressive - poor farmers consistently benefit more than non-poor farmers. Farmers living in districts with a rehabilitated irrigation site experience positive labor dynamics, in terms of income and agricultural jobs. Poor farmers increase their total income by more than USD 220 per year compared with the control group, while rich farmers do not experience such an income gain. The results also show crop specialization patterns in the economic status of farm households; poorer farm households increase their production of staple crops, such as beans and potatoes, while non-poor beneficiary farmers cultivate more industrial crops. Findings from this evaluation have important implications for pro-poor policy design in the agricultural sector.

Agricultural production --- Agricultural products --- Agricultural sector --- Agriculture --- Crop diversification --- Crops & Crop Management Systems --- Distributional effects --- Farm households --- Income --- Inequality --- Insurance --- Irrigation --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poor --- Poor farmers --- Poor policy --- Poverty line --- Poverty Reduction --- Regional Economic Development --- Rural --- Rural areas --- Rural development --- Rural infrastructure --- Rural infrastructure development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Social Protections and Labor

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The difficulties faced by many developing countries in raising revenue from direct taxes have forced them to rely heavily on indirect taxes to finance development interventions. The purpose of this paper is to show how to identify socially desirable options for commodity taxation in the context of a poverty reduction strategy. Within the logic of social evaluation the author assesses tax options on the basis of value judgments underlying members of the additively separable class of poverty measures. The criterion hinges on both the pattern of consumption of each commodity and the price elasticity of the poverty measure used. An application of this methodology to data for Guinea shows that many components of food expenditure (particularly cereals, grains, and roots) would be good candidates for exemption from value-added tax. Even though expenditure on health and education is distributed in favor of the non-poor, their importance for human capital development argues for a program of targeted subsidies in a broader context of cost recovery.

Debt Markets --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Food expenditure --- Human capital --- Income --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poor --- Poor policy --- Poverty eradication --- Poverty measures --- Poverty Reduction --- Poverty reduction --- Poverty reduction strategy --- Private Sector Development --- Public spending --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction

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The World Bank and other multilateral development banks (MDBs) carry out their mission to alleviate poverty and promote economic growth based on the advice of professional economists. But as Sarah Babb argues in Behind the Development Banks, these organizations have also been indelibly shaped by Washington politics-particularly by the legislative branch and its power of the purse. Tracing American influence on MDBs over three decades, this volume assesses increased congressional activism and the perpetual "selling" of banks to Congress by the executive bra

Development banks - Government policy - United States. --- Development banks. --- Development economics - Government policy - United States. --- Development banks --- Development economics --- Banques de développement --- Economie du développement --- Economics --- Economic development --- Multilateral development banks --- Banks and banking --- Government policy --- E-books --- politics, political, washington dc, american, united states of america, usa, poverty, sociology, sociological, world bank, multilateral development banks, mdb, economic growth, economy, economics, legislative branch, congress, congressional, senate, congressmen, senators, government, governing, shareholders, society, poor, policy.