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Polystyrene. --- Anhydrides. --- Rheology.
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Gums and resins, Synthetic. --- Polystyrene --- Insulation --- Polystyrene --- Insulation
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Phenolic laminates --- Polyester laminates --- Polystyrene --- Phenolic laminates --- Polyester laminates --- Polystyrene
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"This book focuses on common types of polymers belonging to the class of water soluble polymers. It covers a wide range of applications: food, cosmetic, medical, lithography and ink jet printing, agricultural, wastewater cleaning, and oilfield. The text is arranged according to the chemical constitution of polymers and reviews the developments that have taken place in the last decade. Each chapter follows the same template. A brief introduction to the polymer type is given and previous monographs and reviews dealing with the topic are listed for quick reference. The text continues with monomers, polymerization, fabrication techniques, properties, application, as well safety issues. Following this, suppliers and commercial grades are presented. A review of the patent literature is an integral part of the text and this will be helpful for the engineer who is developing new products. Four indices conclude the volume. An extensive tradenames index contains information that is fairly unique; the index of chemicals will be helpful to find certain applications of a particular substance; an index of acronyms and a general index conclude this section"-- "This book focuses on common types of polymers belonging to the class of water soluble polymers. It covers a wide range of applications: food, cosmetic, medical, lithography and ink jet printing, agricultural, wastewater cleaning, and oilfield. The text is arranged according to the chemical constitution of polymers and reviews the developments that have taken place in the last decade. Each chapter follows the same template"--
Polyolefins. --- Polystyrene. --- Styrene. --- Thermoplastics. --- Water-soluble polymers.
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This report presents a correlated height and width measurement model for particle size analysis of spherical particles by atomic force microscopy (AFM). It is complementary to more familiar methods based on a single value of the particle height or on a line average obtained from a close-packed particle array. Significant influence quantities affecting the determination of average particle size and its uncertainty are considered for the important case of polystyrene latex (PSL) reference materials. Particlesubstrate deformation, resulting from adhesive contact between particle and substrate during sample preparation, is estimated as a function of particle size. Post-processing of AFM datasets is explored as a means of eliminating bias due to non-steady state measurement conditions. These biases arise from variable particle-tip interaction caused by drift of instrumental parameters from their optimal settings during long acquisition times and inevitable wear of the AFM probe. Changes of the initial probe shape are established using a Si/SiO2 multilayer tip characterizer and are updated periodically during the analysis of sequential data sets for combinations of several particles sizes and different probes. Finally, the capability of this procedure to serve as a statistical error-correction scheme in AFM particle-size metrology is assessed.
Atomic force microscopy. --- Polystyrene. --- Standard reference materials.
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Motorcyclist security evaluation using numerical methods has been increasingly developed in order to obtain detailed information on helmet behaviour during crashes. Among these methods, the assessment of the severity of certain crash types can help to guide helmet optimisation. However, some material behaviours used in helmet design are nonlinear and can induce instabilities in the model. The objective of this work is to develop a numerical model of a full-face helmet that can encompass a wide range of helmet designs and be used in complex simulations, such as highspeed crashes against highway barriers. The materials used in the helmet were first calibrated before being implemented to decrease the instability issues that could occur during simulation. The outer shell is made of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and is modelled using an elastic model and Belytschko-Lin-Tsay shell element. The expanded polystyrene and the open-cell polyurethane exhibit strain-rate-dependent behaviour and are known to generate instabilities in the model. Two types of element mesh are tested for the foams. The first one is a 1-point integration tetrahedron mesh. The second one is a fully integrated hexahedron mesh with a selectively reduced integration formulation. Both formulations are compared in their ability to reproduce experimental drop tests. Unfortunately, despite the good match between the results of the simulation and the experimental data, the behaviour of the expanded polystyrene is not stiff enough to be realistic. This leads to a volume compression ratio exceeding 80% instead of being capped around 70% of compression. Afterwards, the helmet’s computer-aided design and the finite element mesh were constructed, taking into account constraints that arose from the previous calibration step. The helmet model obtained is then compared to experimental data from ECE R22-05 standard drop tests. Unfortunately, the results of the drop tests did not match the reference results. This may be attributed mainly to the use of an elastic material to model the outer shell and an expanded polystyrene model not stiff enough. La question de l’évaluation de la sécurité des motocyclistes au moyen de méthodes numériques est un domaine en plein développement permettant d’obtenir des information détaillées sur le comportement des casques lors d’un accident de la route. Pour toutes ces méthodes, l’évaluation de la sévérité de certains types d’accidents peut aider à guider l’optimisation du design des casques. Cependant, le comportement de certaines des matières utilisées dans la conception du casque est non-linéaire, ce qui peut mener à des instabilités dans la modélisation. L’objectif de ce travail est de développer un modèle numérique d’un casque intégral qui peut s’appliquer à une large variété de designs de casques et être utilisé dans des simulations complexes, comme des collisions à haute vitesse contre des garde-fous d’autoroute. Les matériaux utilisés dans le casque ont d’abord été calibrés avant d’être implémentés afin de diminuer les problèmes d’instabilité qui pourraient se présenter lors d’une simulation. La partie extérieure du casque est faite d’acrylonitrile-butadiène-styrène et est modélisée au moyen d’un modèle élastique et d’un élément de coque de Belytschko-Lin-Tsay. Le polystyrène étendu et le polyuréthane à cellule ouverte présentent une dépendance aux effets de vitesse de déformation et sont connus pour créer des instabilités dans les modèles. Deux type de maillage ont été testés pour les mousses. Le premier, un maillage tétraédrique présentant un unique point d’intégration. Le second, un maillage "hexaédrique" complètement intégré avec une formulation de réduction sélective de l’intégration. Les deux méthodes sont comparées quant à leur aptitude à reproduire les résultats de tests de chute expérimentaux. Malheureusement, malgré le bon accord entre les résultats de la simulation et les données expérimentales, le comportement du polystyrène étendu n’est pas assez rigide que pour être réaliste. Cela mène à l’observation d’un rapport de compression en volume de 80%, plutôt que le comportement réel d’être plafonné vers 70%. Par après, le design assisté par ordinateur et le maillage d’éléments finis ont été construits en prenant en compte les contraintes imposées par la calibration des matériaux. Le modèle de casque alors obtenu est ensuite comparé aux données expérimentales des tests de chutes standards ECE R22-05. Malheureusement, les résultats des tests de chute simulés ne correspondent pas aux résultats de référence. Cela peut être attribué principalement à l’utilisation d’un matériau élastique pour modéliser la couche externe et à un modèle de polystyrène étendu qui ne présente pas la bonne rigidité.
Motorcyclist helmet --- Expanded polystyrene --- LS-DYNA --- Casque de moto --- LS-DYNA --- Polystyrène étendu --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Ingénierie aérospatiale
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