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This report provides a recommended program for contaminated site management over a relatively long (20-year) time horizon. This program will help Kosovo to prevent potentially significant unforeseen consequences in several economic areas, including real estate markets and public budgets, and to avoid the pressure to accept legislation that is not optimal for the country's social and environmental needs. The program will also assist Kosovo's compliance directly and indirectly with existing and emerging EU legislation and strategies as a part of its European Union (EU) accession candidacy. This report focuses on the legacy from point sources (contaminated sites). The recommended program is a well-defined and investable program, strongly oriented toward capacity building and a learning-by-doing approach for Kosovar stakeholders and practitioners. The program reflects good practice in management, policy, and regulation in other European countries (Nathanail and others 2013). Moreover, it builds upon the World Bank advisory report on Developing a Program for Contaminated Site Management in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (Kovalick and Montgomery 2014). The intended audience of this report is twofold. The technical assessment sections (chapters two, three and Annex one, two) target practitioners and stakeholders in contaminated site management in Kosovo (including agencies, regulators, planners, local authorities, site owners and operators, academics, consultants, and contractors). The Executive Summary and the guiding principles and recommended program for contaminated site management (Chapter four) would also be of interest to policy makers.

Environment --- Environmental Disasters and Degradation --- Environmental Protection --- Pollution Management and Control --- Sustainable Land Management

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In urban areas around the world, increasing motorization and growing travel demand make the urban transportation sector an ever-greater contributor to local air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. The situation is particularly acute in developing countries, where growing metropolitan regions suffer some of the world's highest levels of air pollution. Policies that seek to develop and manage this transportation sector-to meet rising demand linked to economic growth and safeguard the environment and human health-have had strikingly different results, with some inadvertently exacerbating the traffic and pollution they seek to mitigate. This paper provides an overview of the findings of the recent literature on the impacts of a host of urban transportation policies used in developed and developing country settings. The paper identifies research challenges and future areas of study of transportation policies, which can have important, long-lasting impacts on urban life and global climate change.

Air Pollution --- Air Quality and Clean Air --- Environmental Sustainability --- Pollution Management and Control --- Public Transit --- Transportation --- Urban Environment

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Despite significant efforts to reduce polluting air emissions, during and after the economic transition in the 1990s, Poland remains home to many of the most polluted cities in the European Union (EU). This report examines the nature and magnitude of ambient air pollution (AAP) in Poland. It provides estimates of the health burden, and economic cost associated with the health impacts, of ambient air pollution id est, particulate matter (PM) both at national and regional or voivodeship levels in Poland. It also explores the roles of various sources of air pollution emissions on ambient air quality in Poland. With emphasis on the critical residential sector, this report analyses the likely impacts of national and EU legislative scenarios on future pollution emissions and ambient air quality in Poland. In addition, the report performs a demonstrative cost-benefit analysis of selected interventions to reduce AAP in residential and transport sectors and from point sources in the voivodeships that bear the heaviest burden of the impacts of AAP. Institutional factors that affect the effectiveness of ambient air quality management are discussed. Finally, policy recommendations for air pollution prevention, reduction and abatement are presented. The current study estimates that 25,280 - 44,811 deaths were caused by ambient PM2.5 pollution in Poland in 2016. The analysis applied two methodologies: (i) the approach from the 2016 Global Burden of Disease study; and (ii) the approach used by the EEA in their 2018 study. GBD studies analyze the health risks attributable to environmental factors, for different years, for most countries by linking environmental factors with the burden of disease attributable to them. Consistent with the GBD methodology, the analysis in this chapter applies a conservative approach by calculating premature, age-specific mortality from five diseases - ischemic heart disease, stroke, COPD, lung cancer, lower respiratory illness, that are directly linked to PM pollution. By contrast, the EEA approach calculates all-cause or non-accidental mortality (i.e., all deaths excluding poisoning, suicide and war), and assumes a linear relationship between mortality and PM concentration for population above age 30. The morbidity health burden is estimated in this report using HRAPIE recommended methodology (WHO, 2013) that focuses on acute bronchitis for children, chronic bronchitis for adults, cardiovascular and respiratory hospital admissions and lost work days caused by PM air pollution.

Air Pollution --- Air Quality --- Air Quality and Clean Air --- Brown Issues and Health --- Emissions --- Environment --- Pollution Management and Control

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This paper lists several opportunities for China to advance MSW policies and practices. In addition to building on lessons learned from countries with decades of experience in implementing separation at source programs, including lessons on dealing with the informal sector, China's extended responsibility systems (EPR) for different waste streams including packaging waste could be tested locally and if successful, could then be prioritized. EPR schemes could be used to introduce incentives for eco-design, create a sustainable production and consumption pattern, reduce landfilling and develop recycling and recovery channels. China could also more comprehensively test the regional approach for service delivery especially for underserved county and rural areas. There is an opportunity to deepen urban-rural integration enhance economies of scale, and improve efficiency through regional integration in waste service provision. This would not only improve the quality of service provision but support financial sustainability and help offset some of the increased financial costs for circularity. Ensuring sustainable operational financing is important to provide for public-private partnerships, a stated priority of the government; sustain earlier and current investments; and permit future development of facilities.

Environment --- Environmental Economics and Policies --- Municipal Waste --- Pollution Management and Control --- Recycling --- Waste Disposal and Utilization --- Water Supply and Sanitation

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Air pollution is known to be a risk factor for personal health and an important determinant of various diseases. Numerous studies exist that examine the effects of an increase in air pollution on the risk of disease and mortality from cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary causes. One possible way to quantify air pollution is to measure the concentration of particles with a specific diameter between 2.5 and 10 micrometers are referred to as (PM10).The authors assess the effects of air pollutants (PM10) on hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in Egypt in 2016. They use a retrospective design and employ a generalized additive model (GAM) to conduct our analysis. Daily hospital admission data for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and chronic bronchitis were collected from specialized chest hospitals and matched to air pollution data. The results suggest that the concentration of PM10 in the air is an important predictor of respiratory disease. The authors find that a 10 ug/.

Air Pollution --- Air Quality and Clean Air --- Brown Issues and Health --- Environment --- Particulate Matter --- Pollution Management and Control