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Politics and government. --- Verfassung. --- Aristotle. --- Aristoteles. --- Politics (Aristotle). --- Greece --- Sparta (Extinct city) --- Sparta. --- Politics and government.

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Insurgent citizenships have arisen in cities around the world. This book examines the insurgence of democratic citizenship in the urban peripheries of São Paulo, Brazil, its entanglement with entrenched systems of inequality, and its contradiction in violence. James Holston argues that for two centuries Brazilians have practiced a type of citizenship all too common among nation-states--one that is universally inclusive in national membership and massively inegalitarian in distributing rights and in its legalization of social differences. But since the 1970s, he shows, residents of Brazil's urban peripheries have formulated a new citizenship that is destabilizing the old. Their mobilizations have developed not primarily through struggles of labor but through those of the city--particularly illegal residence, house building, and land conflict. Yet precisely as Brazilians democratized urban space and achieved political democracy, violence, injustice, and impunity increased dramatically. Based on comparative, ethnographic, and historical research, Insurgent Citizenship reveals why the insurgent and the entrenched remain dangerously conjoined as new kinds of citizens expand democracy even as new forms of violence and exclusion erode it. Rather than view this paradox as evidence of democratic failure and urban chaos, Insurgent Citizenship argues that contradictory realizations of citizenship characterize all democracies--emerging and established. Focusing on processes of city- and citizen-making now prevalent globally, it develops new approaches for understanding the contemporary course of democratic citizenship in societies of vastly different cultures and histories.

Squatter settlements --- Urban policy --- Urban poor --- Cities and towns --- Land tenure --- Law --- Democracy --- Citizenship --- Urban anthropology --- Sociology, Urban --- Political aspects --- Brazil --- Brazil. --- São Paulo (Brazil) --- Social conditions. --- Agamben, Giorgio. --- Balibar, Etienne. --- Bobbio, Norberto. --- Books of Nobility. --- Brasília. --- Brubaker, Rogers. --- Catholic Church. --- Collor, Lindolfo. --- Conrad, Robert Edgar. --- Covas, Mário. --- Dean, Warren. --- Decree of Social Interest (DIS). --- Dutra, President. --- English Reform act (1884). --- Erundina, Luiza. --- Ezequiel. --- Fernandes, Gabriela. --- Fix, Mariana. --- Freedom House. --- Freyre, Gilberto. --- Gonçalves Chaves. --- Guaianazes. --- Honold, Eugênio. --- Human Rights Watch. --- Jafet, Nagib. --- Jardim América. --- Jardim Ocidental. --- Junqueira, Messias. --- Kowarick, Lúcio. --- Lamounier, Bolivar. --- Law of Sesmarias (Portugal). --- Marshall, John. --- Montoro, Franco. --- National Guard. --- Okin, Susan Moller. --- Pateman, Carole. --- Plan of the Avenues. --- Politics (Aristotle). --- Quadros, Jânio. --- Rabinow, Paul. --- Revolution of 1930 (Brazil). --- Rolnik, Raquel. --- Schapera, Isaac. --- Shirley, Robert Weaver. --- Simonsen, Roberto. --- affirmative action. --- antropofagia. --- bank lines. --- car traffic. --- experience. --- private domestic space.