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Waves of military technological changes have swept through the Eurasian land mass since the dawn of civilization. Military technological changes decisively shaped geopolitics and the fortunes of states, empires and civilizations. In his book Jimmy Teng claims that to understand the impacts of these military technological changes is in fact to understand the causes behind the following major historical puzzles or important facts: the leading position of the Near East during the dawn of civilization; the splendid achievements of Greece, India and China during the axial era; the classical golden age of India under the Gupta Empire; the Abbasid Golden Age of the Islamic world and the Sung Puzzle of China during the medieval era; and the rise of the West during the early modern and modern era.
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This account of the politics of modern Ireland offers a rigorous analysis of the forces which shaped both how the Irish state governed itself from the period since 1987 and how it lost its economic sovereignty in 2010. It comprehensively assess the last quarter century in Irish electoral politics from the time of the end of a deep recession in 1987 to the general election of 2011 where Ireland was ruled by the Troika and austerity was a by-word for both policy-making and how many Irish people lived their lives.
Politics and government. --- Elections. --- Elections --- Electoral politics --- Franchise --- Polls --- Political science --- Politics, Practical --- Plebiscite --- Political campaigns --- Representative government and representation --- History --- 1900-2099 --- Ireland. --- Ireland --- Irish Free State --- Politics and government --- Airlann --- Airurando --- Éire --- Irish Republic --- Irland --- Irlanda --- Irlande --- Irlanti --- Írország --- Poblacht na hÉireann --- Republic of Ireland --- Abortion/Divorce. --- Austerity. --- Celtic Tiger. --- Change. --- Coalition Government. --- Continuity. --- Corruption. --- Crisis. --- Political Competition.
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A recent trend in decentralization in several large and diverse countries is the creation of local jurisdictions below the regional level - municipalities, towns, and villages - whose spending is almost exclusively financed by grants from both regional and national governments. This paper argues that such grants-financed decentralization enables politicians to target benefits to pivotal voters and organized interest groups in exchange for political support. Decentralization, in this model, is subject to political capture, facilitating vote-buying, patronage, or pork-barrel projects, at the expense of effective provision of broad public goods. There is anecdotal evidence on local politics in several large countries that is consistent with this theory. The paper explores its implications for international development programs in support of decentralization.
Banks & Banking Reform --- Cities --- Community participation --- Decentralization --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Governance --- Local governments --- Local public services --- Local revenue --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Municipal governments --- Municipalities --- National Governance --- Parliamentary Government --- Political competition --- Provinces --- Public disclosure --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Economics --- Resource allocation --- Revenue-raising potential --- Revenue-raising power --- State governments --- Subnational Economic Development --- Tax --- Tax bases --- Towns --- Village --- Villages
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A recent trend in decentralization in several large and diverse countries is the creation of local jurisdictions below the regional level - municipalities, towns, and villages - whose spending is almost exclusively financed by grants from both regional and national governments. This paper argues that such grants-financed decentralization enables politicians to target benefits to pivotal voters and organized interest groups in exchange for political support. Decentralization, in this model, is subject to political capture, facilitating vote-buying, patronage, or pork-barrel projects, at the expense of effective provision of broad public goods. There is anecdotal evidence on local politics in several large countries that is consistent with this theory. The paper explores its implications for international development programs in support of decentralization.
Banks & Banking Reform --- Cities --- Community participation --- Decentralization --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Governance --- Local governments --- Local public services --- Local revenue --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Municipal governments --- Municipalities --- National Governance --- Parliamentary Government --- Political competition --- Provinces --- Public disclosure --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Economics --- Resource allocation --- Revenue-raising potential --- Revenue-raising power --- State governments --- Subnational Economic Development --- Tax --- Tax bases --- Towns --- Village --- Villages
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