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Policy design efforts are often hampered by an inadequate understanding of how policy tools and actions promote effective policies. This book addresses this gap by proposing a causal theory of the linkages between policy actions and policy effects. Adopting a mechanistic perspective, it identifies the causal processes that activate policy effects and help achieve policy goals. Bringing together established and emerging scholars in the field, Making Policies Work introduces new concepts of first- and second- order policy mechanisms developed from epistemological and theoretical perspectives, and considers how they can be activated through design. Theoretical concepts are explored through empirical cases from different policy arenas and contemporary policy issues such as partnerships in healthcare, food waste prevention, retirement savings, EU regulations and public sector reform. Graduate students in public policy, public administration and political science will find the powerful analytical tools offered in this book useful in exploring the theoretical elements of effective policy design. Policymakers and practitioners in governmental and non-governmental organisations interested in the practical applications will also benefit from reading this timely book.

Policy sciences. --- Policy-making --- Policymaking --- Public policy management --- Policy Change --- Policy Mechanisms --- Policy Instruments --- Public Policy Design --- Policy Implementation --- Policy Effectiveness

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The thesis deals with the question of why no international legally binding instrument for forest policy exists so far. The thesis shows that the problem definition presents a form of control for the decision making process and for the problem solution. Therefore, it is demonstrated how locations, reports and non-human objects are related to the development of international forest policy within United Nations. In the development of international forest policy, the policy problem was framed as "deforestation and degradation of tropical forests". In the second phase of policy formulation, the "deforestation and degradation of all forests" moves to the centre of interests. The thesis analyses furthermore the formation of meaning of the policy narratives that are intertwined with international forest policy. The identification of global environmental discourses that transfer a certain kind of meaning of policy and of problem solution, that operate with discursive practices and technologies of power, and that use retorical devices, allows to show which rules and practices influence how natural resource policy arises. In this way it can be shown how policy problems come into being and how they are understood. Furthermore, it allows identifying policy change in a non-decision-making process. Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Frage warum kein international rechtlich verbindliches Instrument zur Frage der Waldpolitik verabschiedet wurde. Sie zeigt wie die Definition des Politikproblems eine Form der Kontrolle für den Entscheidungsfindungsprozess und die damit verbundene Problemlösung darstellt. Folglich wird demonstriert wie Orte, Berichte und nicht-menschliche Objekte mit der Entstehung der internationalen Waldpolitik im Rahmen der Vereinten Nationen verbunden sind. Während in der Entstehungsphase der internationalen Waldpolitik das eigentliche Politikproblem als "Entwaldung und Degradierung des Tropenwaldes" verstanden wird, rückt in der zweiten Phase der Politikformulierung die "Entwaldung und Degradierung aller Wälder" in den Blickpunkt des internationalen Interesses. Weiters legt die Arbeit die bedeutungsbildenden Elemente der Policy-Narrative, die mit der internationalen Waldpolitik verwoben sind, offen. Die Identifikation von globalen Umweltdiskursen, die ein bestimmtes Politik- bzw. Problemlösungsverständnis transportieren, die mittels diskursiver Praktiken und Machttechnologien operieren und die rhetorische Mittel - wie z.B. die apokalyptische Vorstellung der Übernutzung - zum Einsatz bringen, erlaubt zu erkennen, welche Regeln und Praktiken sich auf die Art und Weise, wie die Politik der natürlichen Ressourcen entsteht, auswirken. Sie zeigt, wie Policy-Probleme entstehen und wie sie verstanden werden und erlaubt Policy-Wandel, der sich in einer Nicht-Entscheidung vollzieht, zu identifizieren. Der Rolle der Sprache wird folglich besondere Aufmerksamkeit zuteil.

Forest conservation --- Forest management --- Forest conservation --- international forest policy --- deforestation and degradation of tropical forests --- global environmental discourses --- policy change in a non-decision-making process --- Politikwandel --- internationale Waldpolitik --- Nicht-Entscheidungsfindungsprozess --- Völkerrechtsinstrument --- Diskursanalyse --- Natürliche Ressource --- Vereinte Nationen --- Waldforum der Vereinten Nationen --- International cooperation. --- Political aspects. --- Political aspects. --- international forest policy --- deforestation and degradation of tropical forests --- global environmental discourses --- policy change in a non-decision-making process --- Politikwandel --- internationale Waldpolitik --- Nicht-Entscheidungsfindungsprozess --- Völkerrechtsinstrument --- Diskursanalyse --- Natürliche Ressource --- Vereinte Nationen --- Waldforum der Vereinten Nationen

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July 2000 - Poverty in the developing world will decline by roughly half by 2015 if current growth trends and policies persist. But a disproportionate share of poverty reduction will occur in East and South Asia, poverty will decline only slightly in Sub-Saharan Africa, and it will increase in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. What can be done to change this picture? More effective development aid could greatly improve poverty reduction in the areas where poverty reduction is expected to lag: Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia. Even more potent would be significant policy reform in the countries themselves. Collier and Dollar develop a model of efficient aid in which the total volume of aid is endogenous. In particular, aid flows respond to policy improvements that create a better environment for poverty reduction and effective use of aid. They use the model to investigate scenarios-of policy reform, of more efficient aid, and of greater volumes of aid-that point the way to how the world could cut poverty in half in every major region. The fact that aid increases the benefits of reform suggests that a high level of aid to strong reformers may increase the likelihood of sustained good policy (an idea ratified in several recent case studies of low-income reformers). Collier and Dollar find that the world is not operating on the efficiency frontier. With the same level of concern, much more poverty reduction could be achieved by allocating aid on the basis of how poor countries are as well as on the basis of the quality of their policies. Global poverty reduction requires a partnership in which third world countries and governments improve economic policy while first world citizens and governments show concern about poverty and translate that concern into effective assistance. This paper-a product of the Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to study aid effectiveness. The authors may be contacted at pcollier@worldbank.org or ddollar@worldbank.org

Developing Countries --- Development Assistance --- Development Goals --- Economic Policies --- Global Poverty --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Incidence Of Poverty --- Large Populations --- Low-Income Countries --- Policies --- Policy --- Policy Change --- Population --- Population Growth --- Population Policies --- Poverty --- Poverty Reduction --- Pro-Poor Growth --- Purchasing Power --- Purchasing Power Parity --- Respect --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Services and Transfers to Poor --- Significant Policy --- Workshops

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The essential guide to understanding how racism works and how racial inequality shapes black lives, ultimately offering a road-map for resistance for racial justice advocates and antiracists When #BlackLivesMatter went viral in 2013, it shed a light on the urgent, daily struggles of black Americans to combat racial injustice. The message resonated with millions across the country. Yet many of our political, social, and economic institutions are still embedded with racist policies and practices that devalue black lives. Stay Woke directly addresses these stark injustices and builds on the lessons of racial inequality and intersectionality the Black Lives Matter movement has challenged its fellow citizens to learn.In this essential primer, Tehama Lopez Bunyasi and Candis Watts Smith inspire readers to address the pressing issues of racial inequality, and provide a basic toolkit that will equip readers to become knowledgeable participants in public debate, activism, and politics. This book offers a clear vision of a racially just society, and shows just how far we still need to go to achieve this reality. From activists to students to the average citizen, Stay Woke empowers all readers to work toward a better future for black Americans.

USA --- Movement for Black Lives. --- US politics. --- accessible. --- activism. --- antiracism. --- antiracist. --- civil rights movement. --- colorblind racial attitudes. --- concrete steps. --- egalitarianism. --- electoral politics. --- everyday people. --- evidence. --- freedom fighters. --- inequality. --- inspiration. --- instruction. --- intersectionality. --- local politics. --- policy change. --- postracist. --- race. --- racial disparities. --- racial progress. --- racism. --- radical change. --- reproducing racial inequity. --- resistance. --- retrenchment. --- social movements. --- state politics. --- statistics. --- toolkit.

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August 1995 - Problems associated with Sub-Saharan Africa's slow growth are low school attainment, political instability, poorly developed financial systems, large black-market exchange-rate premia, large government deficits, and inadequate infrastructure. Improving policies alone boosts growth substantially. But if neighboring countries adopt a policy change together, the effects on growth are more than double what they would have been if one country had acted alone. Africa's economic history since 1960 fits the classical definition of tragedy: potential unfulfilled, with disastrous consequences. Easterly and Levine use one methodology - cross-country regressions - to account for Sub-Saharan Africa's growth performance over the past 30 years and to suggest policies to promote growth over the next 30 years. They statistically quantify the relationship between long-run growth and a wider array of factors than any previous study. They consider such standard variables as initial income to capture convergence effects, schooling, political stability, and indicators of monetary, fiscal, trade, exchange rate, and financial sector policies. They also consider such new measures as infrastructure development, cultural diversity, and economic spillovers from neighbors' growth. Their analysis: Improves substantially on past attempts to account for the growth experience of Sub-Saharan African countries; Shows that low school attainment, political instability, poorly developed financial systems, large black-market exchange-rate premia, large government deficits, and inadequate infrastructure are associated with slow growth; Finds that Africa's ethnic diversity tends to slow growth and reduce the likelihood of adopting good policies; Identifies spillovers of growth performance between neighboring countries. The spillover effects of growth have implications for policy strategy. Improving policies alone boosts growth substantially, but if neighboring countries act together, the effects on growth are much greater. Specifically, the results suggest that the effect of neighbors' adopting a policy change is 2.2 times greater than if a single country acted alone. This paper - a joint product of the Macroeconomics and Growth Division and the Finance and Private Sector Development Division, Policy Research Department - is part of a larger effort in the department to understand the link between policies and growth. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Patterns of Growth (RPO 678-26).

Black Market --- Business Cycle --- Country Regressions --- Currencies and Exchange Rates --- Economic Growth --- Economic Theory and Research --- Educational Attainment --- Exchange Rate --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Development --- Financial Sector --- Financial Systems --- Growth --- Growth Performance --- Growth Rate --- Growth Rates --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Inequality --- Long-Run Growth --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Nutrition --- Per Capita Income --- Policy Change --- Policy Research --- Political Instability --- Political Stability --- Poor Countries --- Poor Growth --- Poverty Reduction --- Pro-Poor Growth