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Bear. --- Odour. --- Polar bear. --- Polar bears. --- Smell. --- Stereotypies. --- Stereotypy. --- Stimuli. --- Test. --- Walking.

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Coping behaviour is a response to aversive situations. Farm and laboratory animals kept in intensive housing systems use a set of strategies (escape, remove, search, wait) to cope with aversive situations. It is suggested that these strategies have been shaped by evolution as adaptations to fitness-threatening situations with which animals are confronted in their natural environment. In intensive housing systems, however, the animals often fail to change aversive situations by using these evolved coping strategies, and it is argued that abnormal behaviour can originate from unsuccessful coping behaviour. With respect to animal welfare, it is important to design housing systems that allow the animals to perform effective coping behaviour

Abnormal behaviour. --- Adaptation. --- Animal welfare. --- Animal-welfare. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Behavioral organization. --- Behaviour. --- Coping strategies. --- Coping strategy. --- Coping. --- Design. --- Domestic-fowl. --- Environment. --- Escape. --- Evolution. --- Frustration. --- Housing system. --- Housing. --- Kept. --- Laboratory animals. --- Laboratory-animals. --- Laboratory. --- Natural. --- Pigs. --- Polar bears. --- Rats. --- Response. --- Search. --- Situations. --- Stereotypic behavior. --- Strategies. --- Strategy. --- System. --- Systems. --- Tethered sows. --- Time. --- Welfare.

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Return to the Sea portrays the life and evolutionary times of marine mammals-from giant whales and sea cows that originated 55 million years ago to the deep diving elephant seals and clam-eating walruses of modern times. This fascinating account of the origin of various marine mammal lineages, some extinct, others extant but threatened, is for the non-specialist. Set against a backdrop of geologic time, changing climates, and changing geography, evolution is the unifying principle that helps us to understand the present day diversity of marine mammals and their responses to environmental challenges. Annalisa Berta explains current controversies and explores patterns of change taking place today, such as shifting food webs and predator-prey relationships, habitat degradation, global warming, and the effects of humans on marine mammal communities.

SCIENCE / Life Sciences / Zoology / Mammals. --- Marine mammals --- Aquatic mammals --- Marine animals --- Evolution. --- Marine fauna --- Ocean animals --- Sea animals --- Aquatic animals --- Marine organisms --- Mammifères marins. --- bioscience books. --- climate change and animals. --- climate change and the ocean. --- elephant seals. --- evolution. --- evolutionary biologist. --- extinct mammals. --- extinct marine life. --- global warming. --- history of mammals. --- history of the sea. --- humans and marine life. --- mammal evolution. --- mammal zoology. --- marine biology students. --- marine evolution. --- marine food webs. --- marine history. --- marine life history. --- marine mammal science. --- marine species. --- natural history. --- oceanography books. --- polar bears. --- predator and prey. --- walruses. --- whales and dolphins. --- zoology.