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In the century before Chaucer a new language of political critique emerged. In political verse of the period, composed in Anglo-Latin, Anglo-Norman, and Middle English, poets write as if addressing the king himself, drawing on their sense of the rights granted by Magna Carta. These apparent appeals to the sovereign increase with the development of parliament in the late thirteenth century and the emergence of the common petition, and become prominent, in an increasingly sophisticated literature, during the political crises of the early fourteenth century. However, very little of this writing was truly directed to the king. As David Matthews shows in this book, the form of address was a rhetorical stance revealing much about the position from which writers were composing, the audiences they wished to reach, and their construction of political and national subjects.

History of civilization --- History of the United Kingdom and Ireland --- Old English literature --- anno 1200-1299 --- anno 1300-1399 --- Political poetry, English (Middle) --- Politics and literature --- Literature and history --- Letter writing in literature --- Kings and rulers in literature. --- Poésie politique anglaise (moyen anglais) --- Politique et littérature --- Littérature et histoire --- Correspondance dans la littérature --- Rois et souverains dans la littérature --- History and criticism --- History --- Histoire et critique --- Histoire --- Great Britain --- Grande-Bretagne --- Politics and government --- Historiography. --- Politique et gouvernement --- Historiographie --- Letter writing in literature. --- History and criticism. --- Poésie politique anglaise (moyen anglais) --- Politique et littérature --- Littérature et histoire --- Correspondance dans la littérature --- Rois et souverains dans la littérature --- History and literature --- History and poetry --- Poetry and history --- Literature --- Literature and politics --- English political poetry, Middle --- Middle English political poetry --- Political poetry, English --- Political poetry, Middle English --- English poetry --- Political aspects --- Geschichte 1250-1350 --- Arts and Humanities --- Rois et souverains --- Poésie politique anglaise --- Littérature anglaise --- Dans la littérature --- Thèmes, motifs --- 1100-1500 (moyen anglais) --- 13e siècle --- 14e siècle