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This PhD thesis characterises the damage that occurs in tungsten when it is exposed to a fusion-like environment. The book presents pioneering work on the use of grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) to measure nano-bubble formation in tungsten exposed to helium plasma. The phenomenon of nanoscale bubble formation within metals during helium plasma exposure can lead to undesirable changes in the material properties, such as complex nanoscale surface modification or a reduction in thermal conductivity. As a result of this work, it is now possible to quantify how nanobubble behaviour changes within different materials, and under different plasma conditions. In 2015 the author published the first GISAXS study of helium-induced nanobubble formation in tungsten, demonstrating the viability of using GISAXS for this work. This paper has generated significant interest from the international fusion community and was selected as one of the highlights for the journal Nuclear Fusion.

Small-angle x-ray scattering. --- Tungsten. --- Helium plasmas. --- Plasmas, Helium --- Plasma (Ionized gases) --- Wolfram --- Wolframium --- Chromium group --- Scattering, Small-angle x-ray --- X-ray small-angle scattering --- Small-angle scattering --- X-rays --- Scattering --- Crystallography. --- Nuclear fusion. --- Materials science. --- Force and energy. --- Crystallography and Scattering Methods. --- Nuclear Fusion. --- Plasma Physics. --- Energy Materials. --- Nanoscale Science and Technology. --- Conservation of energy --- Correlation of forces --- Energy --- Physics --- Dynamics --- Material science --- Physical sciences --- Fusion, Nuclear --- Fusion reactions --- Fusion --- Nuclear reactions --- Leptology --- Mineralogy --- Plasma (Ionized gases). --- Nanoscale science. --- Nanoscience. --- Nanostructures. --- Nano science --- Nanoscale science --- Nanosciences --- Science --- Gaseous discharge --- Gaseous plasma --- Magnetoplasma --- Ionized gases --- Nanoscience