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The adv antages of those systems are counterbalanced by some important dis- vantages. For one, in heterotrophic and mixotrophic systems high concentrations of organic ingredients are required in the nutrient medium (particularly sugar at 2% or more), associated with a high risk of microbial contamination. How, and to which extent this can be avoided will be dealt with in Chapter 3. Other disadvantages are the difficulties and limitations of extrapolating results based on tissue or cell c- tures, to interpreting phenomena occurring in an intact plant during its development. It has always to be kept in mind that tissue cultures are only model systems, with all positive and negative characteristics inherent of such experimental setups. To be realistic, a direct duplication of in situ conditions in tissue culture systems is still not possible even today in the 21st century, and probably never will be. The organization of the genetic system and of basic cell structures is, however, essentially the same, and therefore tissue cultures of higher plants should be better suited as model s- tems than, e.g., cultures of algae, often employed as model systems in physiological or biochemical investigations. The domain cell and tissue culture is rather broad, and necessarily unspecif ic. In terms of practical aspects, basically five areas can be distinguished (see Figs. 1.1 , 1.2 ), which here shall be briefly surveyed before being discussed later at length.

Biological techniques --- General embryology. Developmental biology --- Plant physiology. Plant biophysics --- Biotechnology --- systematische plantkunde --- biologische technieken --- biotechnologie --- cytologie --- celprocessen --- Plant cell biotechnology. --- Plant cell culture. --- Plant tissue culture. --- Tissue culture --- Cell culture --- Plant cells in biotechnology --- Plant biotechnology

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Jatropha, Challenges for a New Energy Crop –Volume 2 aims to report on the state of the art of scientific investigations that were made during the past ten years on the new crop Jatropha curcas. The progresses obtained on the knowledge of this abstemious, semi-wild species are already impressive and were mainly achieved in just a decade (2001-2011). This knowledge extends from basic Jatropha physiology and biological reproduction to the basic agronomic practices and systems for its productive management, but also the complete set of biotechnological tools, such as in vitro culture, genetic transformation, genome sequencing, genetic maps, and marker-assisted selection that are necessary for its selective breeding. These scientific and technological achievements pave the way for the future technological management and domestication of Jatropha as an industrial oilseed crop able to contribute to the feeding of the transport system.

Biotechnology. --- Jatropha -- Biotechnology. --- Jatropha. --- Botany --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Botany - General --- Jatropha --- Plant cell biotechnology. --- Plant cells in biotechnology --- Life sciences. --- Plant science. --- Botany. --- Plant genetics. --- Plant physiology. --- Plant breeding. --- Life Sciences. --- Plant Sciences. --- Plant Genetics & Genomics. --- Plant Breeding/Biotechnology. --- Plant Physiology. --- Plant biotechnology --- Plant Genetics and Genomics. --- Plants --- Physiology --- Crops --- Agriculture --- Breeding --- Genetics --- Botanical science --- Phytobiology --- Phytography --- Phytology --- Plant biology --- Plant science --- Biology --- Natural history --- Floristic botany

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The aim of this volume is to merge classical concepts of plant cell biology with the recent findings of molecular studies and real-world applications in a form attractive not only to specialists in the realm of fundamental research, but also to breeders and plant producers. Four sections deal with the control of development, the control of stress tolerance, the control of metabolic activity, and novel additions to the toolbox of modern plant cell biology in an exemplary and comprehensive manner and are targeted at a broad professional community. It serves as a clear example that a sustainable solution to the problems of food security must be firmly rooted in modern, continuously self re-evaluating cell-biological research. No green biotech without green cell biology. As advances in modern medicine is based on extensive knowledge of animal molecular cell biology, we need to understand the hidden laws of plant cells in order to handle crops, vegetables and forest trees. We need to exploit, not only empirically, their astounding developmental, physiological and metabolic plasticity, which allows plants to cope with environmental challenges and to restore flexible, but robust self-organisation.

Plant cell biotechnology. --- Plant cells and tissues. --- Plants, Motion of fluids in. --- Plant cells and tissues --- Plant cell biotechnology --- Phenomena and Processes --- Plant Physiological Phenomena --- Cell Physiological Phenomena --- Agriculture --- Botany --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Plant Physiology --- Plant Sciences --- Agriculture - General --- Plants --- Cytology. --- Plant cells in biotechnology --- Flora --- Plant kingdom --- Plantae --- Vascular plants --- Vegetable kingdom --- Vegetation --- Wildlife --- Plant tissues --- Life sciences. --- Plant biochemistry. --- Cell biology. --- Plant physiology. --- Plant breeding. --- Life Sciences. --- Plant Breeding/Biotechnology. --- Cell Biology. --- Plant Physiology. --- Plant Biochemistry. --- Plant biotechnology --- Organisms --- Cells --- Plant anatomy --- Tissues --- Biochemistry. --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Physiology --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Cytologists --- Crops --- Breeding --- Composition --- Phytochemistry --- Plant biochemistry --- Plant chemistry --- Biochemistry --- Phytochemicals --- Plant biochemical genetics