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Production --- Fructofuranosidase --- Yeasts --- Pichia polymorpha

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Apples --- Storage losses --- Penicillium --- Biological control --- Antagonism --- Pichia --- Penicillium expansum --- Aureobasidium pullulans --- Pichia anomala

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Two yeasts, Pichia anomala (strain K) and Candida sake (strain O) were selected for their high and reliable protective activity against Botrytis cinerea at 5°C and 25°C on Golden Delicious apples wounded sites. Both antagonistic strains kept their protective activity after their production in fermentor and lyophilization. Treatment with both antagonistic strains in a film-forming antitranspirant combined with a heat treatment applied by dipping the apples in water (45°C during 10 min) enlarged the spectrum of controlled pathogens (Gloeosporium, Penicillium and Botrytis) without affecting the technological properties of the fruits. The protective effect due to Pichia anomala (strain K) and Candida sake (strain O) was associated with the colonisation of wounds by the biocontrol agents. On the other hand, endo- and exo-beta-1, 3-glucanase activities measured in culture filtrates of both antagonistic strains were the highest in the presence of B. cinerea cell wall preparations in culture media as sole source of carbon. The enzymatic digestion of B. cinerea cell wall preparations was observed in the presence of P. anomala (strain K) culture filtrates containing a glucanase activity. Furthermore, exoglc1, an exo-beta-1, 3-glucanase purified until homogeneity from strain K culture filtrates, showed in vitro inhibitory effects on conidia germination and germinative tube growth of B. cinerea. Exo-beta-1, 3-glucanase activity was also detected on strain K-treated apples and might be related to exoglc1. Moreover, the addition of B. cinerea cell wall to suspension of P. anomala stimulated both in situ exo-beta-1, 3-glucanase activity and protective activity against the pathogen. Overall results suggest that exo-beta-1, 3-glucanase activity might be one of the mechanisms of action involved in the protective effect of P. anomala (strain K) against B. cinerea.

Apples --- Keeping quality --- Botrytis --- Pathogens --- Pichia --- Candida --- Biopesticides --- Pichia anomala --- Candida sake

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Apples --- Botrytis --- Penicillium --- Pathogens --- Postharvest losses --- Pichia --- Debaryomyces --- Antagonism

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Pichia --- genetic code --- Antagonism --- Botrytis --- RNA. --- RNA --- Enzyme activity --- PCR