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Biology. --- Mosses. --- Physcomitrella patens.

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The mosses (Bryophatea, Musci) are a diverse and widely distributed group of land plants. Mosses are attractive experimental plants because they exhibit the traditional attributes of good model systems (Le. ease of growth & maintenance, fast generation time, and amenable genetics) with the added advantage of a haploid gametophyte that allowed developmental mutants to be recovered with relative ease. In addition, mosses with the ability to tolerate extreme environmental conditions offer realistic models for the analysis of environmental stress-tolerance; particularly when compared to tracheophytes such as Arabidopsis thaliana in which these important plant phenotypes are either not clearly expressed or entirely lacking. And, in one of the most exciting developments in Plant Biology, efficient homologous recombination occurs in the moss Physcomitrella patens. The ability to perform efficient homologous recombination (Le. gene knock-outs) in P. patens is at present unique amongst all plants and represents an extremely powerful technique for the functional analysis of many plant genes. Over the past 5 years, a world-wide community of moss researchers has evolved. A highly successful "Moss" conference has been held annually (l998-Mumbai, India; 1999-Carbondale, IL, USA; 2000-Villars, Switzerland; 200l-0kazaki, Japan; 2002-Ambleside, UK; 2003-St. Louis, MO, USA) with "Moss 2004" planned to be held in Frieburg Germany. These conferences have been instrumental in the creation & development of strong collaborative ties, and the free exchange of both ideas and materials.

BRY Bryophytes --- physiology --- molecular biology --- genetics --- Physcomitrella patens --- phylogeny --- Nature. --- Environment. --- Plant science. --- Botany. --- Ecology . --- Plant physiology. --- Popular Science in Nature and Environment. --- Plant Sciences. --- Ecology. --- Plant Physiology. --- Botany --- Plants --- Physiology --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Botanical science --- Phytobiology --- Phytography --- Phytology --- Plant biology --- Plant science --- Natural history --- Ecology --- Floristic botany

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This book provides reviews and primary research articles that discuss the replication, repair, maintenance, and structures of plant organelle genomes. Rearrangements of these genomes are common and provide a way to distinguish closely related plant species. Some articles in the book discuss recent advances in identifying specific proteins and potential mechanisms involved in DNA replication, recombination, and repair in plant mitochondria and chloroplasts.

DNA replication --- recombination-dependent replication (RDR) --- plant mitochondrial DNA --- chloroplast DNA --- DNA repair --- divergent inverted repeats --- short-globose cacti --- novel gene rearrangements --- pseudogenization --- sunflower --- cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) --- mitochondrial genome --- reorganizations --- next generation sequencing (NGS) --- evolution --- replisome --- recombination-dependent replication --- Lilium --- phylogenomics --- plastome --- molecular markers --- gene tree --- species tree --- chloroplast --- mitochondrion --- genome stability --- homologous recombination repair --- repeated sequence --- Physcomitrella patens --- mitochondria --- double-strand break repair --- uracil-N-glycosylase --- Piperales --- Hydnoraceae --- Hydnora --- Prosopanche --- parasitic plants --- holoparasite --- plastid genome --- organelles --- plastid phylogenetics --- DNA recombination --- plant organelle genome structure

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Natural products hold a prominent position in the current discovery and development of drugs and have diverse indications for both human and animal health. Plants, in particular, play a leading role as a source of specialized metabolites with medical effects. Other organisms, such as marine and terrestrial animals and microorganisms, produce very important drug candidate molecules. Specialized metabolites from these varied natural sources can be used directly as bioactive compounds or drug precursors. In addition, due to their broad chemical diversity, they can act as drug prototypes and/or be used as pharmacological tools for different targets. Some examples of natural metabolites that have been developed into useful medical drug are cardiotonic digoxin from Digitalis sp., antimalarial artemisinin from Artemisia annua, anti-cancer taxol from Taxus sp., or podophyllotoxin from Podophyllum peltatum, which served as a synthetic model for the anti-cancer etoposide. The study of natural products is still attracting great scientific attention and their current importance, as a valuable lead for drug discovery, is undebatable. I cordially invite authors to contribute original articles, as well as survey articles, that give the readers of Molecules **MOLECULES NEEDS TO BE ITALICIZED** updated and new perspectives on natural products in drug discovery, including but not limited to natural sources, identification and separation of bioactive phytochemicals, standardization, new biological targets, pre-clinical and clinical trials, pharmacological effects/side effects, and bioassays.

dihydrochalcones --- cytotoxicity-guided --- n/a --- harpagoside --- biotechnology --- synergy --- Imperata cylindrica --- 5?-dimethylchalcone (DMC) --- antioxidant activity --- marine resources --- phenolic derivatives --- secondary metabolites --- antimicrobial agents --- antimicrobial resistance --- metabolomics --- Humulus lupulus --- chromatography --- stereochemistry --- FSE --- cytokines --- cytotoxic activity --- glutamate --- angiogenesis --- traditional medicine --- Ca2+ --- L6 cell --- human colon cancer cell lines --- siphonous green algae --- anti-inflammatory activity --- Phyllanthus chamacristoides --- spectroscopic analysis --- Physcomitrella patens --- Leishmania mexicana mexicana --- dementia --- prenylated phenolic compounds --- T2DM --- HPLC-ESI-microTOF-Q-MS/MS --- Eruca sativa --- Dryopteris fragrans --- chemosystematics --- 2? --- cerebellum --- Cleistocalyx operculatus --- inflammation --- multivariate data analysis --- Phyllanthus orbicularis --- HPLC --- cardiovascular disease --- Kv7 potassium channels --- marine peptides --- proliferation --- sulfated coumarins --- Orobanche s.l. --- phenylpropanoid glycosides --- Harpagophytum procumbens --- sesquiterpenoids --- TRPV1 --- Fideloside --- phenylethanoid glycosides --- Cuba --- molecular network --- NMR --- ketamine --- aging --- GLUT4 --- diabetes --- oxidative stress --- Lamiales --- circular dichroism --- psychosis --- antinociceptive --- immuno-regulation activity --- terpenoids --- NADPH oxidases --- diabetic neuropathy --- spagyric tincture --- H2S --- celastrol --- isolation and quantification --- 4?-dihydroxy-6?-methoxy-3? --- Leea indica --- C-glycoside --- neuropathic pain --- PANC-1 --- glucosinolates --- flavonoids --- bioactivities of natural products --- cardamonin --- isoflavones --- terpenes --- methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus --- malaria --- artemisinin --- natural products --- devil’s claw --- ACE inhibitory peptide --- pPancreatic cancer --- growth inhibitory activity --- mass spectrometry --- flavonoid --- phenolics --- Astragalus boeticus L. --- proanthocyanidins --- opioid --- Trifolium --- Trypanosoma brucei brucei --- acetylated astragalosides --- Fabaceae --- bioactive peptides --- LC-MS --- Dasycladus vermicularis --- Orobanchaceae --- migration --- glucoerucin --- ESI-MS/MS --- cancer --- zebrafish --- antihypertensive --- Bacopa monnieri --- chemical derivatization --- hypertension --- devil's claw