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Photocopying processes --- Photoresist --- Congresses --- 621.3.049.75 --- Photocopying --- -Photoresist --- Resists, Photosensitive --- Microelectronics --- Masks (Electronics) --- Photolithography --- Document copying --- Photoduplication --- Photographic reproduction --- Photography of documents --- Photography of manuscripts --- Xeroxing (Trademark) --- Copying processes --- Photocopying services --- Printed circuits --- -Printed circuits --- 621.3.049.75 Printed circuits --- -621.3.049.75 Printed circuits --- Photoresists --- Congresses.

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How xerography became a creative medium and political tool, arming artists and activists on the margins with an accessible means of making their messages public. This is the story of how the xerographic copier, or "Xerox machine," became a creative medium for artists and activists during the last few decades of the twentieth century. Paper jams, mangled pages, and even fires made early versions of this clunky office machine a source of fear, rage, dread, and disappointment. But eventually, xerography democratized print culture by making it convenient and affordable for renegade publishers, zinesters, artists, punks, anarchists, queers, feminists, street activists, and others to publish their work and to get their messages out on the street. The xerographic copier adjusted the lived and imagined margins of society, Eichhorn argues, by supporting artistic and political expression and mobilizing subcultural movements. Eichhorn describes early efforts to use xerography to create art and the occasional scapegoating of urban copy shops and xerographic technologies following political panics, using the post-9/11 raid on a Toronto copy shop as her central example. She examines New York's downtown art and punk scenes of the 1970s to 1990s, arguing that xerography--including photocopied posters, mail art, and zines--changed what cities looked like and how we experienced them. And she looks at how a generation of activists and artists deployed the copy machine in AIDS and queer activism while simultaneously introducing the copy machine's gritty, DIY aesthetics into international art markets. Xerographic copy machines are now defunct. Office copiers are digital, and activists rely on social media more than photocopied posters. And yet, Eichhorn argues, even though we now live in a post-xerographic era, the grassroots aesthetics and political legacy of xerography persists.

Xerography --- Photocopying --- Student movements --- Social movements --- Social aspects. --- History --- Movements, Social --- Activism, Student --- Campus disorders --- Student activism --- Student protest --- Student unrest --- Document copying --- Photocopying processes --- Photoduplication --- Photographic reproduction --- Photography of documents --- Photography of manuscripts --- Xeroxing (Trademark) --- Social history --- Social psychology --- Youth movements --- Student protesters --- Copying processes --- Photocopying services --- Electrostatic printing --- CULTURAL STUDIES/General --- SOCIAL SCIENCES/Media Studies --- Sociological theories --- xerography

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Book history --- Manuscripts. Epigraphy. Paleography --- Great Britain --- Scribes --- Scriptoria. --- Paleography. --- Manuscripts --- Books --- Writing --- Scriptoriums --- Paléographie --- Manuscrits --- Livres --- Ecriture --- History. --- History --- Histoire --- Scriptoria --- Paleography --- Reproduction --- Reproduction. --- 091 "04/14" --- 091 <41> --- 091:003.344 --- Handschriftenkunde. Handschriftencatalogi--Middeleeuwen --- Handschriftenkunde. Handschriftencatalogi--Verenigd Koninkrijk van Groot-Brittannië en Noord-Ierland --- Handschriftenkunde. Handschriftencatalogi-:-Latijnse schriften. Romaanse schriften --- 091:003.344 Handschriftenkunde. Handschriftencatalogi-:-Latijnse schriften. Romaanse schriften --- 091 <41> Handschriftenkunde. Handschriftencatalogi--Verenigd Koninkrijk van Groot-Brittannië en Noord-Ierland --- 091 "04/14" Handschriftenkunde. Handschriftencatalogi--Middeleeuwen --- Paléographie --- Copying rooms --- Writing rooms --- Rooms --- Illumination of books and manuscripts --- Monasteries --- Monastic libraries --- Copyists --- Handwriting --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Diplomatics --- Photography of manuscripts --- Copying --- Scribes - History --- Scribes - England --- Manuscripts - Reproduction --- Books - History

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This collection looks at how university students in Russia, Argentina, South Africa, Poland, Brazil, India, and Uruguay get the books and articles they need for their education. The death of Aaron Swartz and the more recent controversy around the SciHub and Libgen repositories have drawn attention to the question of access to knowledge, particularly for students facing financial and other constraints. Open access currently provides a very limited answer to this question, which piracy answers more comprehensively. This edited volume explores how access to knowledge has changed in the past twenty years, as student populations have boomed and as educators and publishers navigated the transition from paper to digital materials. It is concerned primarily with the experience of developing countries, where growing numbers of students, rapid development of Internet and device infrastructures, and high relative inequality have produced the sharpest tensions in the publishing and educational ecosystem.

Higher education --- Documentation and information --- Developing countries --- Scholarly publishing --- Scholarly electronic publishing --- Piracy (Copyright) --- Intellectual property infringement --- Copyright --- Photocopying --- Open access publishing --- Communication in learning and scholarship --- Education, Higher --- bibliotheekwezen --- Open access to research --- Research, Open access to --- Electronic publishing --- Document copying --- Photocopying processes --- Photoduplication --- Photographic reproduction --- Photography of documents --- Photography of manuscripts --- Xeroxing (Trademark) --- Copying processes --- Photocopying services --- Literary property --- Property, Literary --- Intangible property --- Intellectual property --- Anti-copyright movement --- Authors and publishers --- Book registration, National --- Patent laws and legislation --- Infringement of intellectual property --- Unauthorized reproduction of copyrighted material --- Copyright infringement --- Electronic scholarly publishing --- Learning and scholarship --- Academic publishing --- Publishers and publishing --- Communication in scholarship --- Scholarly communication --- Economic aspects --- Electronic information resources --- Technological innovations --- 02 --- Law and legislation --- INFORMATION SCIENCE/Library Science --- INFORMATION SCIENCE/General --- Libraries --- access --- education --- students --- educational resources --- knowledge --- university --- publishing --- information --- piracy --- Brazil --- Poland --- South Africa --- Argentina --- Uruguay --- India --- United States --- Sci-Hub --- open access