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Photochromism is simply defined as the light induced reversible change of colour. The field has developed rapidly during the past decade as a result of attempts to improve the established materials and to discover new devices for applications.As photochromism bridges molecular, supramolecular and solid state chemistry, as well as organic, inorganic and physical chemistry, such a treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach and a broad presentation. The first edition (1990) provided an enormous amount of new concepts and data, such as the presentation of main families based on the p

Photochromism. --- Photochemistry

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OPTICAL PROPERTIES --- ORGANIC COMPOUNDS --- POLYMERS --- PHOTOREFRACTIVE EFFECT --- PHOTOCHROMISM --- LUMINESCENCE, ELECTRO --- PROPERTIES --- PROPERTIES --- OPTICAL PROPERTIES --- ORGANIC COMPOUNDS --- POLYMERS --- PHOTOREFRACTIVE EFFECT --- PHOTOCHROMISM --- LUMINESCENCE, ELECTRO --- PROPERTIES --- PROPERTIES

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Experiments showing a rapid and reversible change of color seem to be magic and are always fascinating. This process called photochromism, has a few real and many potential applications. Photochromic glasses that darken in the sunlight (protecting eyes from excessive light intensity) and bleach in dim light are today a part of everyday life. Organic Photochromic Compounds in plastic ophthalmic lenses, more comfortable to wear, are now competing with silver salts glasses, despite the longer lifetime of the inorganic system. This successful commercial application has given a new impetus to research in the general field of photochromism that had its most recent revival in the early eighties. The story of organic photochromism with its ups and downs, from the breakthroughs of the pioneering period in the fifties, through the hard times due to the drawbacks of photodegradation and the recent successes is in many ways a saga. The upsurges in the domain were marked by an increasing flow of articles in scientific journals and the publication of several Books (in 1971, 1990 and 1992) which have collected the important accumulated knowledge. Over this period, a considerable number of patents have been issued. International meetings have accompanied this activity, the most recent being held in 1993 (ISOP 93 at Les Embiez Island, France) and in 1996 (ISOP 96 in Clearwater, Florida, USA). Remarkably, these meetings had a good representation from both academia and industry. The next ISOP is planned for 1999 in Fukuoka, Japan.

Photochromism. --- Photochromic materials. --- Thermochromism. --- Chemistry, Organic. --- Surfaces (Physics). --- Organic Chemistry. --- Characterization and Evaluation of Materials. --- Organic chemistry. --- Materials science. --- Material science --- Physical sciences --- Organic chemistry --- Chemistry --- Photochemistry --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Chromic materials --- Color --- Photochromics --- Materials

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This book focuses on photoswitches. The objective of the book is to introduce researchers and graduate course students who are interested in "photon-working switches" not only to the fundamentals but also to the latest research being carried out in this field. Light can reach a target substrate without any physical contact to deliver energy. The energy can induce changes in the structure of the molecules included in the substrate so that its properties and functions are made switchable by light irradiation. When a substrate is able to revert to its original state, this system can be regarded as a "photon-working switch". The terms "photon-working switches" or "photoswitches" are almost equivalent in meaning to "photochromism"; however, they focus on the "switching of functions" of chemical species rather than their "reversible transformation". Most of the authors of this volume are members of PHENICS, an international research group on organic molecular photoswitches composed of research institutions from France, Japan, Russia, China and Germany. Since its inception in 2008, PHENICS has promoted active research to develop the field. This book commemorates the group's eighth year of collaborative research.

Chemistry. --- Physical chemistry. --- Polymers. --- Optical materials. --- Electronic materials. --- Physical Chemistry. --- Optical and Electronic Materials. --- Polymer Sciences. --- Photochromism. --- Photochemistry --- Chemistry, Physical organic. --- Polymere --- Polymeride --- Polymers and polymerization --- Macromolecules --- Optics --- Materials --- Chemistry, Physical organic --- Chemistry, Organic --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Polymers  . --- Electronic materials --- Chemistry, Theoretical --- Physical chemistry --- Theoretical chemistry --- Chemistry

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Physics --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Applied Physics --- Light & Optics --- Multiphoton processes --- Congresses --- Optics. --- Electrodynamics. --- Nuclear physics. --- Lasers. --- Photonics. --- Condensed matter. --- Inorganic chemistry. --- Polymers  . --- Classical Electrodynamics. --- Particle and Nuclear Physics. --- Optics, Lasers, Photonics, Optical Devices. --- Condensed Matter Physics. --- Inorganic Chemistry. --- Polymer Sciences. --- Polymere --- Polymeride --- Polymers and polymerization --- Macromolecules --- Inorganic chemistry --- Chemistry --- Inorganic compounds --- Condensed materials --- Condensed media --- Condensed phase --- Materials, Condensed --- Media, Condensed --- Phase, Condensed --- Liquids --- Matter --- Solids --- New optics --- Optics --- Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation --- Masers, Optical --- Optical masers --- Light amplifiers --- Light sources --- Optoelectronic devices --- Nonlinear optics --- Optical parametric oscillators --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Dynamics --- Light --- MULTIPHOTON ABSORPTION --- ELECTROLUMINESCENCE --- PHOTOCHROMISM --- ORGANIC COMPOUNDS --- PROPERTIES