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Book
Year: 2019 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,
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The Three-Gap Model examines the determinants of low-quality health care by examining the patterns and determinants of three gaps. Using four measures of performance-target performance, actual performance, capacity to perform, and knowledge to perform-this paper defines three gaps for each health worker: the gap between target performance and what they have the knowledge to do (the know gap), the gap between their knowledge and their capacity to perform (the know-can gap), and the gap between their capacity and what they actually do (the can-do gap). The paper demonstrates how the patterns of these gaps across health workers in a sample can be used to diagnose failures in the system as well as evaluate the outcomes of policy experiments. Using data on pediatric care from hospitals in Liberia, the paper illustrates how the model can be used to investigate the potential for improvements in the quality of care from several possible policy interventions. The analysis of the relationships between these gaps across health workers in a health system help to paint a better picture of the determinants of performance and can assist policy makers in choosing relevant policies to improve health worker performance.
Book
Year: 2018 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,
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Health care access is a challenge in rural areas in Africa. On the demand side, rural people are often poor, and transport connectivity is typically bad in rural and remote areas. Because of limited transport connectivity, the quality of health care services provided is also often compromised. In Madagascar, the poor condition of the road network has long hampered the sustainability of the medical supply chain in rural areas. The paper shows that people's demand for health care services is affected not only by local transport connectivity, but also availability of medical supplies at the health facility level, which is also determined by primary and secondary road network connectivity. This in turn further suppresses people's demand in rural areas. The results also indicate that it is important to ensure financial affordability among the poor, which is found to be one of the most crucial constraints.
Health Care Access --- Health Care Services Industry --- Health Service Management and Delivery --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Industry --- Inequality --- Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacoeconomics --- Pharmaceuticals Industry --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural Roads --- Three-Stage Least Squares Estimation --- Transport --- Transport Connectivity
Book
Year: 2008 Publisher: Washington, D.C., The World Bank,
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This paper outlines the institutional history of the international narcotic drug control regime. It details the evolution of the control system, from its foundations at the beginning of the twentieth century - a period of mass, unregulated narcotic drug use - to the current period. The paper argues that the contemporary control model is ill-positioned to address the dynamic and rapidly changing nature of the global narcotics trade. The persistence of anachronistic guiding first principles, specifically the utopian idea of prohibition, is identified as the key impediment to the adoption of a more humane and effective policy approach. But while there is growing pressure for a revision of founding ideas, this is not supported by a host of powerful actors that includes the United States.
Alcohol and Substance Abuse --- Cannabis --- Cocaine --- Conflict and Development --- Crime --- Crime and Society --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Industry --- Narcotic --- Narcotic Drug --- Narcotic Drug Control --- Narcotic drugs --- Narcotics --- Opium trade --- Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacoeconomics --- Pharmaceuticals Industry --- Post Conflict Reconstruction --- Psychotropic Substances --- Social Development
Book
Year: 2019 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,
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In 2004, a landmark study showed that an inexpensive medication to treat parasitic worms could improve health and school attendance for millions of children in many developing countries. Eleven years later, a headline in the Guardian reported that this treatment, deworming, had been "debunked." The pronouncement followed an effort to replicate and re-analyze the original study, as well as an update to a systematic review of the effects of deworming. This story made waves amidst discussion of a reproducibility crisis in some of the social sciences. This paper explores what it means to "replicate" and "reanalyze" a study, both in general and in the specific case of deworming. The paper reviews the broader replication efforts in economics, then examines the key findings of the original deworming paper in light of the "replication," "reanalysis," and "systematic review." The paper also discusses the nature of the link between this single paper's findings, other papers' findings, and any policy recommendations about deworming. This example provides a perspective on the ways replication and reanalysis work, the strengths and weaknesses of systematic reviews, and whether there is, in fact, a reproducibility crisis in economics.
Data Access --- Deworming --- Disease Control and Prevention --- Early Child and Children'S Health --- Education --- Education for All --- Educational Populations --- Educational Sciences --- Health --- Health Care Services Industry --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Industry --- Meta-Analysis --- Nutrition --- Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacoeconomics --- Pharmaceuticals Industry --- Public Health --- Public Health Promotion --- Replication --- Reproductive Health --- Robustness --- School Health --- Systematic Review --- Worms
Book
Year: 2008 Publisher: Washington, D.C., The World Bank,
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This paper outlines the institutional history of the international narcotic drug control regime. It details the evolution of the control system, from its foundations at the beginning of the twentieth century - a period of mass, unregulated narcotic drug use - to the current period. The paper argues that the contemporary control model is ill-positioned to address the dynamic and rapidly changing nature of the global narcotics trade. The persistence of anachronistic guiding first principles, specifically the utopian idea of prohibition, is identified as the key impediment to the adoption of a more humane and effective policy approach. But while there is growing pressure for a revision of founding ideas, this is not supported by a host of powerful actors that includes the United States.
Alcohol and Substance Abuse --- Cannabis --- Cocaine --- Conflict and Development --- Crime --- Crime and Society --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Industry --- Narcotic --- Narcotic Drug --- Narcotic Drug Control --- Narcotic drugs --- Narcotics --- Opium trade --- Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacoeconomics --- Pharmaceuticals Industry --- Post Conflict Reconstruction --- Psychotropic Substances --- Social Development
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