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Sales --- Barter --- -Sales --- Purchasing --- Commercial law --- In-kind exchange --- Payment-in-kind --- Exchange --- Local exchange trading systems --- Law and legislation --- -Barter --- Sales - Iraq - Babylonia --- Barter - Iraq - Babylonia

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Frontier and pioneer life --- Barter --- Pueblo Indians --- History. --- Agriculture. --- Commerce. --- Indians of North America --- In-kind exchange --- Payment-in-kind --- Exchange --- Local exchange trading systems --- Border life --- Homesteading --- Pioneer life --- Adventure and adventurers --- Manners and customs --- Pioneers --- History

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Law of obligations. Law of contract --- Financial law --- Barter --- Exchange --- Troc --- Echange (Economie politique) --- History --- 347.452 --- -Barter --- -droit commercial --- droit des contrats --- libre echange --- france --- In-kind exchange --- Payment-in-kind --- Local exchange trading systems --- Ruil--(verbintenissenrecht) --- handelsrecht --- verbintenissenrecht --- vrijhandel --- frankrijk --- History. --- 347.452 Ruil--(verbintenissenrecht) --- droit commercial --- Contracten --- Echange [Droit]. --- Contrats --- Uitwisseling [Recht]. --- Barter - France - History --- Barter - History

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An institutional approach to explaining countertrade and barter in international trade and domestic trade in transition economies.Difficulties in contract enforcement impede international transactions in the world economy and domestic transactions in transition economies. In Contracts in Trade and Transition, Dalia Marin and Monika Schnitzer explain how barter as an economic institution can facilitate contract enforcement across national borders in international trade and within borders in transition countries. The authors show that international countertrade--tying an export to an import--emerged in the 1980s in response to the international debt crisis when Western creditors refused to finance imports to developing countries and Eastern Europe. Barter--the exchange of goods without the use of money--reemerged in transition economies in the 1990s in response to a domestic debt crisis when banks in transition countries were reluctant to provide finance to firms. Countertrade and barter introduce a deal-specific form of collateral that addresses the lack of creditworthiness of countries and firms.Drawing on contract theory, the authors argue that parties might want to pay in goods rather than cash or link an export with an import as in countertrade to solve incentive problems that otherwise would prevent any trade from taking place. The incentive problems they discuss are the technology transfer problem to developing countries and the "lack of trust" problem in the former Soviet Union.

Barter. --- Countertrade. --- Barter --- Countertrade --- International trade. --- External trade --- Foreign commerce --- Foreign trade --- Global commerce --- Global trade --- Trade, International --- World trade --- Compensation trade --- In-kind exchange --- Payment-in-kind --- Commerce --- International economic relations --- Non-traded goods --- Balance of payments --- East-West trade --- International trade --- Exchange --- Local exchange trading systems --- ECONOMICS/Trade & Development

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"Pribble investigates the barter economies that developed in many of the labor camps established under the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia. When the Khmer Rouge abolished currency and markets in 1975, starving Cambodians created underground exchanges in labor camps throughout the country, bartering luxury items for food and other necessities, while simultaneously undermining the regime's ideological goals of eliminating any traces of capitalism in Democratic Kampuchea. Pribble asserts three key points about the barter economy in the Khmer Rouge labor camps. First, the underground exchanges in Democratic Kampuchea provided food and medicine for desperate people subsisting under a totalitarian regime, saving the lives of countless Cambodians. Second, bartering was the riskiest way to obtain food because it was dependent upon the discretion of two or more individuals from different social classes under the threat of violent punishment, thereby altering the social dynamics of the camps. Finally, despite the regime's extreme efforts to eliminate foreign influence from the country and impose communist ideology on millions of citizens, basic forms of market capitalism and a demand for superfluous luxury goods persisted in labor camps throughout the country. A fascinating study of the human consequences of imposing rigid ideology, that will be of particular interest to scholars and students of political history and Southeast Asian history"--

Barter. --- Labor camps. --- Political prisoners. --- Political science. --- Cambodia --- Politics and government --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- Social sciences --- State, The --- Prisoners of conscience --- Prisoners --- Camps, Labor --- Construction camps --- Working class --- In-kind exchange --- Payment-in-kind --- Exchange --- Local exchange trading systems --- Dwellings --- Barter --- Labor camps --- Political prisoners --- History.