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"This paper compares the wages of workers inside the United States to the wages of observably identical workers outside the United States-controlling for country of birth, country of education, years of education, work experience, sex, and rural-urban residence. This is made possible by new and uniquely rich microdata on the wages of over two million individual formal-sector wage-earners in 43 countries. The paper then uses five independent methods to correct these estimates for unobserved differences and introduces a selection model to estimate how migrants' wage gains depend on their position in the distribution of unobserved wage determinants. Following all adjustments for selectivity and compensating differentials, the authors estimate that the wages of a Bolivian worker of equal intrinsic productivity, willing to move, would be higher by a factor of 2.7 solely by working in the United States. While this is the median, this ratio is as high as 8.4 (for Nigeria). The paper documents that (1) for many countries, the wage gaps caused by barriers to movement across international borders are among the largest known forms of wage discrimination; (2) these gaps represent one of the largest remaining price distortions in any global market; and (3) these gaps imply that simply allowing labor mobility can reduce a given household's poverty to a much greater degree than most known in situ antipoverty interventions. "--World Bank web site.
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"This paper compares the wages of workers inside the United States to the wages of observably identical workers outside the United States-controlling for country of birth, country of education, years of education, work experience, sex, and rural-urban residence. This is made possible by new and uniquely rich microdata on the wages of over two million individual formal-sector wage-earners in 43 countries. The paper then uses five independent methods to correct these estimates for unobserved differences and introduces a selection model to estimate how migrants' wage gains depend on their position in the distribution of unobserved wage determinants. Following all adjustments for selectivity and compensating differentials, the authors estimate that the wages of a Bolivian worker of equal intrinsic productivity, willing to move, would be higher by a factor of 2.7 solely by working in the United States. While this is the median, this ratio is as high as 8.4 (for Nigeria). The paper documents that (1) for many countries, the wage gaps caused by barriers to movement across international borders are among the largest known forms of wage discrimination; (2) these gaps represent one of the largest remaining price distortions in any global market; and (3) these gaps imply that simply allowing labor mobility can reduce a given household's poverty to a much greater degree than most known in situ antipoverty interventions. "--World Bank web site.
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A myth-busting book challenges the idea that we’re paid according to objective criteria and places power and social conflict at the heart of economic analysis.Your pay depends on your productivity and occupation. If you earn roughly the same as others in your job, with the precise level determined by your performance, then you’re paid market value. And who can question something as objective and impersonal as the market? That, at least, is how many of us tend to think. But according to Jake Rosenfeld, we need to think again.Job performance and occupational characteristics do play a role in determining pay, but judgments of productivity and value are also highly subjective. What makes a lawyer more valuable than a teacher? How do you measure the output of a police officer, a professor, or a reporter? Why, in the past few decades, did CEOs suddenly become hundreds of times more valuable than their employees? The answers lie not in objective criteria but in battles over interests and ideals. In this contest four dynamics are paramount: power, inertia, mimicry, and demands for equity. Power struggles legitimize pay for particular jobs, and organizational inertia makes that pay seem natural. Mimicry encourages employers to do what peers are doing. And workers are on the lookout for practices that seem unfair. Rosenfeld shows us how these dynamics play out in real-world settings, drawing on cutting-edge economics, original survey data, and a journalistic eye for compelling stories and revealing details.At a time when unions and bargaining power are declining and inequality is rising, You’re Paid What You’re Worth is a crucial resource for understanding that most basic of social questions: Who gets what and why?
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Le Programme international de l'OCDE pour le suivi des acquis des élèves (PISA) cherche non seulement à évaluer ce que les élèves savent en sciences, en compréhension de l'écrit et en mathématiques, mais aussi à déterminer ce qu'ils sont capables de faire avec ces connaissances. Les résultats de l'enquête PISA révèlent la qualité et l'équité de l'apprentissage dans le monde entier, et offrent aux professionnels de l'éducation et aux responsables politiques la possibilité de découvrir les politiques et pratiques d'autres pays et de s'en inspirer. Vous avez entre les mains l'un des cinq volumes qui présentent les résultats de l'évaluation PISA 2015, la sixième édition de cette enquête triennale. Le volume I, L'excellence et l'équité dans l'éducation, résume la performance des élèves en sciences, en compréhension de l'écrit et en mathématiques, et définit et mesure l'équité dans l'éducation. Il se concentre sur les attitudes des élèves à l'égard de l'apprentissage en sciences et analyse leur aspiration à embrasser une carrière scientifique. Il examine aussi l'évolution de la performance et de l'équité ces dernières années dans les pays et économies participant à l'enquête PISA. Le volume II, Politiques et pratiques pour des établissements performants, examine les liens entre la performance des élèves et diverses caractéristiques des établissements et des systèmes d'éducation, notamment les ressources affectées à l'éducation, l'environnement d'apprentissage et les critères de sélection des élèves entre les établissements, les filières d'enseignement et les classes. Le volume III, Le bien-être des élèves, décrit la relation entre les résultats scolaires des élèves de 15 ans et leur vie sociale et leurs attitudes à l'égard de l'apprentissage. Le volume IV, La culture financière des élèves, analyse les connaissances et l'expérience des élèves dans les matières financières. Le volume V, La résolution collaborative de problèmes, analyse la capacité des élèves à travailler à plusieurs pour la résolution de problèmes. Il examine aussi le rôle de l'éducation dans le développement de la capacité des jeunes à résoudre des problèmes en équipe.
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Wages --- Pay equity
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This yearbook, edited by Beate Kortendiek and others, offers a comprehensive analysis of gender equality and the gender pay gap at universities in North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW), Germany. It is part of a series conducted by the Network for Women's and Gender Research NRW. The study employs a mix of quantitative and qualitative methods to provide insights into the state of gender equality in academia, focusing on data analysis, implementation of gender equality measures, and case studies on specific topics, including gender pay disparity. The findings are relevant not only for NRW but also for broader academic and policy contexts in Germany and beyond. The book aims to highlight persistent gender inequalities and provide a basis for policy recommendations.
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Pay equity. --- Wages.
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Women --- Pay equity --- Employment
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