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Book
Year: 1997 Publisher: Cambridge, Mass. National Bureau of Economic Research
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We explore the commercialization of government-generated technology by analyzing patents awarded to the U.S. government and the citations to those patents from subsequent patents. We use information on citations to federal patents in two ways: (1) to compare the average technological impact of NASA patents, other Federal' patents, and a random sample of all patents using measures of importance' and generality;' and (2) to trace the geographic location of commercial development by focusing on the location of inventors who cite NASA and other federal patents. We find, first, that the evidence is consistent with increased effort to commercialize federal lab technology generally and NASA specifically. The data reveal a striking NASA golden age' during the second half of the 1970s which remains a puzzle. Second, spillovers are concentrated within a federal lab complex of states representing agglomerations of labs and companies. The technology complex links five NASA states through patent citations: California, Texas, Ohio, DC/Virginia-Maryland, and Alabama. Third, qualitative evidence provides some support for the use of patent citations as proxies for both technological impact and knowledge spillovers.
Patents --- Patents and government-developed inventions. --- Technological innovations
Book
Year: 1957 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture,
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Book
Year: 2009 Publisher: [Washington, D.C.] : U.S. Govt. Accountability Office,
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Patents and government-developed inventions --- Inventions --- Government ownership --- Government policy
Book
Year: 1999 Publisher: Cambridge, Mass. National Bureau of Economic Research
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Despite their magnitude and potential economic impact, federal R&D expenditures outside of research universities have been little scrutinized by economists. This paper examines whether the series of initiatives since 1980 that have sought to encourage the patenting and technology transfer at the national laboratories have had a significant impact, and how the features of these facilities affected their success in commercialization. Employing both case studies of and databases about the U.S. Department of Energy's laboratories, we challenge much of the conventional wisdom. The policy changes of the 1980s had a substantial impact on the patenting activity by the national laboratories, which have gradually reached parity in patents per R&D dollar with research universities. Using citation data, we show that, unlike universities, the quality of the laboratory patents has remained constant or even increased as their numbers have grown. The cross-sectional patterns are generally consistent with theoretical suggestions regarding the impact and determinants of the decision to privatize government functions.
Book
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Biological control --- Eggs --- Incubation --- Patents and government-developed inventions --- Pests --- Trichogrammatidae --- Wasps
Book
Year: 2017 Publisher: Washington : U.S. Government Publishing Office,
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Technology transfer --- Veterans --- Patents and government-developed inventions --- Patents, Government-owned --- Medical care --- Research --- United States.
Book
Year: 2003 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : U.S. General Accounting Office,
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Book
Year: 2006 Publisher: [Washington, D.C.] : U.S.Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service,
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Book
Year: 1994 Publisher: [Washington, D.C.] : Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General,
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Patents and government-developed inventions --- Federal aid to medical research --- Research --- Government policy --- United States.
Book
Year: 2001 Publisher: [Washington, D.C.] : The Office,
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