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Ce travail de recherche est consacré à la description des nominalisations en basàa, une langue
bantoue parlée au Cameroun par des milliers de locuteurs. Nous utilisons en majorité les
données naturelles extraites dans un ensemble de trois textes collectés par un groupe de
linguistes dans le cadre d’un projet de documentation sur les langues minoritaires (BULB).
Nous nous intéressons aux propriétés morphologiques des noms déverbaux. Nous partons du
postulat qu’en basàa la nominalisation se fait par les verbes et non des adjectifs comme c’est le
cas dans certaines langues comme l’anglais où les adjectifs et les verbes peuvent être
transformés en noms. Notre discussion est aussi centrée sur les types de nominalisation et les
différentes stratégies qui sont mises en œuvre pour leurs formations, nous observons certaines
de leurs propriétés linguistiques liées à leur sémantique et leur morphosyntaxe. Il ressort de
cette étude que le basàa possède les deux grands types de nominalisation présentés par Comrie
et Thompson (1985) qu’on retrouve dans d’autres langues, il s’agit de la nominalisation de
l’action et du participant. Les nominaux d’action sont formés par le procédé de préfixation, ils
expriment à la fois les actions et les résultats. En revanche, les nominaux de participant, qui
regroupent les noms d’instruments, agentifs, locatifs, de manière et de noms abstraits, sont
formés par les procédés de préfixation, de suffixation et parfois des deux. Sur le plan
sémantique, ces nominaux ou déverbaux présentent une prévisibilité sémantique très faible. Ils
ne trouvent généralement leur interprétation que dans leurs contextes syntaxiques. Aussi, ils se
comportent comme les autres nominaux de la langue, ils peuvent jouer la fonction de sujet ou
d'objet dans une phrase.

Nominalisation, nominalisation lexicale, déverbaux, nominaux d’actions et de participants, dérivatèmes, lexèmes. --- Arts & sciences humaines > Langues & linguistique

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Hualien, on the Pacific coast of eastern Taiwan, and its mountains, especially Mount Qilai, were deeply inspirational for the young poet Yang Mu. A place of immense natural beauty and cultural heterogeneity, the city was also a site of extensive social, political, and cultural change in the twentieth century, from the Japanese occupation and the American bombings of World War II to the Chinese civil war, the White Terror, and the Cold War. Taken as a whole, these evocative and allusive autobiographical essays provide a personal response to history as Taiwan transitioned from a Japanese colony to the Republic of China. Yang Mu recounts his childhood experiences under the Japanese, life in the mountains in proximity to indigenous people as his family took refuge from the American bombings, his initial encounters and cultural conflicts with Nationalist soldiers recently arrived from mainland China, the subsequent activities of the Nationalist government to consolidate power, and the island's burgeoning new manufacturing society. Nevertheless, throughout those early years, Yang Mu remained anchored by a sense of place on Taiwan's eastern coast and amid its coastal mountains, over which stands Mount Qilai like a guardian spirit. This was the formative milieu of the young poet. Yang Mu seized on verse to develop a distinct persona and draw meaning from the currents of change reshuffling his world. These eloquent essays create an exciting, subjective realm meant to transcend the personal and historical limitations of the individual and the end of culture, "plundered and polluted by politics and industry long ago."

Poets, Chinese --- Chinese poets --- International Writing Program participants --- Wang, Ching-hsian, 1940-2020. --- Yang, Mu, --- 楊牧, --- 杨牧, --- Wang, C. H. --- Ye, Shan, --- Childhood and youth. --- Yang, Mu --- 楊牧 --- 杨牧 --- Ye, Shan

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Human experimentation is essential to advance scientific knowledge and thereby improve the longevity and quality of human lives. This text covers some of the legal, technical, ethical and moral problems raised by human experimentation.

Human experimentation in medicine --- Law and legislation. --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- experiment, experimenteel onderzoek (mensen) --- proefpersonen --- onderzoeksethiek --- klinische proef (klinische studie, geneesmiddelenstudie) --- expérimentation sur la personne humaine (chez l'humain) --- sujets (participants) d'expérimentation --- éthique de la recherche --- essai clinique (étude clinique) --- Law and legislation --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Medical laws and legislation

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Solvency is an intertemporal concept, relating to the present value of revenues and expenditures, and encompassing both assets and liabilities. But the standard practice among policy makers, financial market participants and international financial institutions is to assess the strength of the fiscal accounts solely on the basis of the cash deficit. Short-term cash flows matter, but a preponderant focus on them can encourage governments to invest too little, especially during episodes of fiscal tightening. This has potentially adverse consequences for growth and, paradoxically, even for fiscal solvency itself. The paper offers an overview of the links between fiscal targets, public investment, and public sector solvency. After reviewing the international experience with public investment under fiscal adjustment, the paper lays out an analytical framework to illustrate the consequences of using the public deficit as a guide to solvency. The paper then discusses some alternatives to conventional cash deficit rules and their implications for investment and fiscal solvency.

Access to Finance --- Cash Flows --- Debt Markets --- Expenditures --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Market --- Financial Market Participants --- Financial Markets --- Fiscal Policy --- International Bank --- International Financial Institutions --- Investment and Investment Climate --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Public Investment --- Public Sector Economics and Finance --- Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management --- Solvency

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In the Philippines, an important part of income inequality is associated with the wage difference between the less educated and the better educated. The majority of the least educated are employed in low-paid services jobs and the agricultural sector. Tertiary education is to a large extent a prerequisite for high-paid occupations. Using the Labor Force Survey 2003-2007, this paper examines disparities in human capital endowment, returns to education, and the role of education in wage differentials in the Philippines. The empirical results show that returns to education monotonically increase - workers with elementary education, secondary education, and tertiary education earn 10 percent, 40 percent, and 100 percent more than those with no education. The results also show that education is the single most important factor that contributes to wage differentials. At the national level, education accounts for about 30 percent of the difference in wages. It accounts for a higher percentage of the difference for female workers (37 percent) than male workers (24 percent). There are also differences across regions and sectors. As an economy develops, the demand for skills increases. In the Philippines, efforts to improve education to increase the supply of highly educated people are important not only for long-term growth, but also for helping to translate growth into more equal opportunities for the children of the current generation.

Age group --- Education --- Education for All --- High unemployment --- High unemployment rate --- Household income --- Human capital --- Income inequality --- Jobs --- Labor Force --- Labor market --- Labor Market Participants --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Low employment --- Male counterparts --- Male workers --- Occupations --- Regional Economic Development --- Skilled labor --- Social Protections and Labor --- Tertiary Education --- Unemployment --- Unemployment rate --- Wage Differentials --- Worker --- Workers