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The ∂̄ Neumann problem is probably the most important and natural example of a non-elliptic boundary value problem, arising as it does from the Cauchy-Riemann equations. It has been known for some time how to prove solvability and regularity by the use of L2 methods. In this monograph the authors apply recent methods involving the Heisenberg group to obtain parametricies and to give sharp estimates in various function spaces, leading to a better understanding of the ∂̄ Neumann problem. The authors have added substantial background material to make the monograph more accessible to students.Originally published in 1977.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Partial differential equations --- Neumann problem. --- Neumann problem --- Mathematics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Calculus --- Boundary value problems --- Differential equations, Partial --- A priori estimate. --- Abuse of notation. --- Analytic continuation. --- Analytic function. --- Approximation. --- Asymptotic expansion. --- Asymptotic formula. --- Basis (linear algebra). --- Besov space. --- Boundary (topology). --- Boundary value problem. --- Boundedness. --- Calculation. --- Cauchy's integral formula. --- Cauchy–Riemann equations. --- Change of variables. --- Characterization (mathematics). --- Combination. --- Commutative property. --- Commutator. --- Complex analysis. --- Complex manifold. --- Complex number. --- Computation. --- Convolution. --- Coordinate system. --- Corollary. --- Counterexample. --- Derivative. --- Determinant. --- Differential equation. --- Dimension (vector space). --- Dimension. --- Dimensional analysis. --- Dirichlet boundary condition. --- Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. --- Elliptic boundary value problem. --- Equation. --- Error term. --- Estimation. --- Even and odd functions. --- Existential quantification. --- Function space. --- Fundamental solution. --- Green's theorem. --- Half-space (geometry). --- Hardy's inequality. --- Heisenberg group. --- Holomorphic function. --- Infimum and supremum. --- Integer. --- Integral curve. --- Integral expression. --- Inverse function. --- Invertible matrix. --- Iteration. --- Laplace's equation. --- Left inverse. --- Lie algebra. --- Lie group. --- Linear combination. --- Logarithm. --- Lp space. --- Mathematical induction. --- Neumann boundary condition. --- Notation. --- Open problem. --- Orthogonal complement. --- Orthogonality. --- Parametrix. --- Partial derivative. --- Pointwise. --- Polynomial. --- Principal branch. --- Principal part. --- Projection (linear algebra). --- Pseudo-differential operator. --- Quantity. --- Recursive definition. --- Schwartz space. --- Scientific notation. --- Second derivative. --- Self-adjoint. --- Singular value. --- Sobolev space. --- Special case. --- Standard basis. --- Stein manifold. --- Subgroup. --- Subset. --- Summation. --- Support (mathematics). --- Tangent bundle. --- Theorem. --- Theory. --- Upper half-plane. --- Variable (mathematics). --- Vector field. --- Volume element. --- Weak solution. --- Neumann, Problème de --- Equations aux derivees partielles --- Problemes aux limites

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Based on seven lecture series given by leading experts at a summer school at Peking University, in Beijing, in 1984. this book surveys recent developments in the areas of harmonic analysis most closely related to the theory of singular integrals, real-variable methods, and applications to several complex variables and partial differential equations. The different lecture series are closely interrelated; each contains a substantial amount of background material, as well as new results not previously published. The contributors to the volume are R. R. Coifman and Yves Meyer, Robert Fcfferman,Carlos K. Kenig, Steven G. Krantz, Alexander Nagel, E. M. Stein, and Stephen Wainger.

Harmonic analysis. --- Analysis (Mathematics) --- Functions, Potential --- Potential functions --- Banach algebras --- Calculus --- Mathematical analysis --- Mathematics --- Bessel functions --- Fourier series --- Harmonic functions --- Time-series analysis --- Analytic function. --- Asymptotic formula. --- Bergman metric. --- Bernhard Riemann. --- Bessel function. --- Biholomorphism. --- Boundary value problem. --- Bounded mean oscillation. --- Bounded operator. --- Boundedness. --- Cauchy's integral formula. --- Characteristic function (probability theory). --- Characterization (mathematics). --- Coefficient. --- Commutator. --- Complexification (Lie group). --- Continuous function. --- Convolution. --- Degeneracy (mathematics). --- Differential equation. --- Differential operator. --- Dirac delta function. --- Dirichlet problem. --- Equation. --- Estimation. --- Existence theorem. --- Existential quantification. --- Explicit formula. --- Explicit formulae (L-function). --- Fatou's theorem. --- Fourier analysis. --- Fourier integral operator. --- Fourier transform. --- Fredholm theory. --- Fubini's theorem. --- Function (mathematics). --- Functional calculus. --- Fundamental solution. --- Gaussian curvature. --- Hardy space. --- Harmonic function. --- Harmonic measure. --- Heisenberg group. --- Hilbert space. --- Hilbert transform. --- Hodge theory. --- Holomorphic function. --- Hyperbolic partial differential equation. --- Hölder's inequality. --- Infimum and supremum. --- Integration by parts. --- Interpolation theorem. --- Intersection (set theory). --- Invertible matrix. --- Isometry group. --- Laplace operator. --- Laplace's equation. --- Lebesgue measure. --- Linear map. --- Lipschitz continuity. --- Lipschitz domain. --- Lp space. --- Mathematical induction. --- Mathematical physics. --- Maximal function. --- Maximum principle. --- Measure (mathematics). --- Newtonian potential. --- Non-Euclidean geometry. --- Number theory. --- Operator theory. --- Oscillatory integral. --- Parameter. --- Partial derivative. --- Partial differential equation. --- Polynomial. --- Power series. --- Product metric. --- Radon–Nikodym theorem. --- Riemannian manifold. --- Riesz representation theorem. --- Scientific notation. --- Several complex variables. --- Sign (mathematics). --- Simultaneous equations. --- Singular function. --- Singular integral. --- Sobolev space. --- Square (algebra). --- Statistical hypothesis testing. --- Stokes' theorem. --- Support (mathematics). --- Tangent space. --- Tensor product. --- Theorem. --- Trigonometric series. --- Uniformization theorem. --- Variable (mathematics). --- Vector field.

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This book proves an analogue of William Thurston's celebrated hyperbolic Dehn surgery theorem in the context of complex hyperbolic discrete groups, and then derives two main geometric consequences from it. The first is the construction of large numbers of closed real hyperbolic 3-manifolds which bound complex hyperbolic orbifolds--the only known examples of closed manifolds that simultaneously have these two kinds of geometric structures. The second is a complete understanding of the structure of complex hyperbolic reflection triangle groups in cases where the angle is small. In an accessible and straightforward manner, Richard Evan Schwartz also presents a large amount of useful information on complex hyperbolic geometry and discrete groups. Schwartz relies on elementary proofs and avoids "ations of preexisting technical material as much as possible. For this reason, this book will benefit graduate students seeking entry into this emerging area of research, as well as researchers in allied fields such as Kleinian groups and CR geometry.

CR submanifolds. --- Dehn surgery (Topology). --- Three-manifolds (Topology). --- CR submanifolds --- Dehn surgery (Topology) --- Three-manifolds (Topology) --- Mathematics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Geometry --- 3-manifolds (Topology) --- Manifolds, Three dimensional (Topology) --- Three-dimensional manifolds (Topology) --- Cauchy-Riemann submanifolds --- Submanifolds, CR --- Low-dimensional topology --- Topological manifolds --- Surgery (Topology) --- Manifolds (Mathematics) --- Arc (geometry). --- Automorphism. --- Ball (mathematics). --- Bijection. --- Bump function. --- CR manifold. --- Calculation. --- Canonical basis. --- Cartesian product. --- Clifford torus. --- Combinatorics. --- Compact space. --- Conjugacy class. --- Connected space. --- Contact geometry. --- Convex cone. --- Convex hull. --- Coprime integers. --- Coset. --- Covering space. --- Dehn surgery. --- Dense set. --- Diagram (category theory). --- Diameter. --- Diffeomorphism. --- Differential geometry of surfaces. --- Discrete group. --- Double coset. --- Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. --- Equation. --- Equivalence class. --- Equivalence relation. --- Euclidean distance. --- Four-dimensional space. --- Function (mathematics). --- Fundamental domain. --- Geometry and topology. --- Geometry. --- Harmonic function. --- Hexagonal tiling. --- Holonomy. --- Homeomorphism. --- Homology (mathematics). --- Homotopy. --- Horosphere. --- Hyperbolic 3-manifold. --- Hyperbolic Dehn surgery. --- Hyperbolic geometry. --- Hyperbolic manifold. --- Hyperbolic space. --- Hyperbolic triangle. --- Hypersurface. --- I0. --- Ideal triangle. --- Intermediate value theorem. --- Intersection (set theory). --- Isometry group. --- Isometry. --- Limit point. --- Limit set. --- Manifold. --- Mathematical induction. --- Metric space. --- Möbius transformation. --- Parameter. --- Parity (mathematics). --- Partial derivative. --- Partition of unity. --- Permutation. --- Polyhedron. --- Projection (linear algebra). --- Projectivization. --- Quotient space (topology). --- R-factor (crystallography). --- Real projective space. --- Right angle. --- Sard's theorem. --- Seifert fiber space. --- Set (mathematics). --- Siegel domain. --- Simply connected space. --- Solid torus. --- Special case. --- Sphere. --- Stereographic projection. --- Subgroup. --- Subsequence. --- Subset. --- Tangent space. --- Tangent vector. --- Tetrahedron. --- Theorem. --- Topology. --- Torus. --- Transversality (mathematics). --- Triangle group. --- Union (set theory). --- Unit disk. --- Unit sphere. --- Unit tangent bundle.

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Outer billiards is a basic dynamical system defined relative to a convex shape in the plane. B. H. Neumann introduced this system in the 1950's, and J. Moser popularized it as a toy model for celestial mechanics. All along, the so-called Moser-Neumann question has been one of the central problems in the field. This question asks whether or not one can have an outer billiards system with an unbounded orbit. The Moser-Neumann question is an idealized version of the question of whether, because of small disturbances in its orbit, the Earth can break out of its orbit and fly away from the Sun. In Outer Billiards on Kites, Richard Schwartz presents his affirmative solution to the Moser-Neumann problem. He shows that an outer billiards system can have an unbounded orbit when defined relative to any irrational kite. A kite is a quadrilateral having a diagonal that is a line of bilateral symmetry. The kite is irrational if the other diagonal divides the quadrilateral into two triangles whose areas are not rationally related. In addition to solving the basic problem, Schwartz relates outer billiards on kites to such topics as Diophantine approximation, the modular group, self-similar sets, polytope exchange maps, profinite completions of the integers, and solenoids--connections that together allow for a fairly complete analysis of the dynamical system.

Hyperbolic spaces. --- Singularities (Mathematics) --- Transformations (Mathematics) --- Geometry, Plane. --- Plane geometry --- Algorithms --- Differential invariants --- Geometry, Differential --- Geometry, Algebraic --- Hyperbolic complex manifolds --- Manifolds, Hyperbolic complex --- Spaces, Hyperbolic --- Geometry, Non-Euclidean --- Abelian group. --- Automorphism. --- Big O notation. --- Bijection. --- Binary number. --- Bisection. --- Borel set. --- C0. --- Calculation. --- Cantor set. --- Cartesian coordinate system. --- Combination. --- Compass-and-straightedge construction. --- Congruence subgroup. --- Conjecture. --- Conjugacy class. --- Continuity equation. --- Convex lattice polytope. --- Convex polytope. --- Coprime integers. --- Counterexample. --- Cyclic group. --- Diameter. --- Diophantine approximation. --- Diophantine equation. --- Disjoint sets. --- Disjoint union. --- Division by zero. --- Embedding. --- Equation. --- Equivalence class. --- Ergodic theory. --- Ergodicity. --- Factorial. --- Fiber bundle. --- Fibonacci number. --- Fundamental domain. --- Gauss map. --- Geometry. --- Half-integer. --- Homeomorphism. --- Hyperbolic geometry. --- Hyperplane. --- Ideal triangle. --- Intersection (set theory). --- Interval exchange transformation. --- Inverse function. --- Inverse limit. --- Isometry group. --- Lattice (group). --- Limit set. --- Line segment. --- Linear algebra. --- Linear function. --- Line–line intersection. --- Main diagonal. --- Modular group. --- Monotonic function. --- Multiple (mathematics). --- Orthant. --- Outer billiard. --- Parallelogram. --- Parameter. --- Partial derivative. --- Penrose tiling. --- Permutation. --- Piecewise. --- Polygon. --- Polyhedron. --- Polytope. --- Product topology. --- Projective geometry. --- Rectangle. --- Renormalization. --- Rhombus. --- Right angle. --- Rotational symmetry. --- Sanity check. --- Scientific notation. --- Semicircle. --- Sign (mathematics). --- Special case. --- Square root of 2. --- Subsequence. --- Summation. --- Symbolic dynamics. --- Symmetry group. --- Tangent. --- Tetrahedron. --- Theorem. --- Toy model. --- Translational symmetry. --- Trapezoid. --- Triangle group. --- Triangle inequality. --- Two-dimensional space. --- Upper and lower bounds. --- Upper half-plane. --- Without loss of generality. --- Yair Minsky.

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A mathematical journey through the most fascinating problems of extremes and how to solve them. What is the best way to photograph a speeding bullet? How can lost hikers find their way out of a forest? Why does light move through glass in the least amount of time possible? When Least Is Best combines the mathematical history of extrema with contemporary examples to answer these intriguing questions and more. Paul Nahin shows how life often works at the extremes--with values becoming as small (or as large) as possible--and he considers how mathematicians over the centuries, including Descartes, Fermat, and Kepler, have grappled with these problems of minima and maxima. Throughout, Nahin examines entertaining conundrums, such as how to build the shortest bridge possible between two towns, how to vary speed during a race, and how to make the perfect basketball shot. Moving from medieval writings and modern calculus to the field of optimization, the engaging and witty explorations of When Least Is Best will delight math enthusiasts everywhere.

Mathematics --- Maxima and minima. --- MATHEMATICS / History & Philosophy. --- History. --- Minima --- Math --- Science --- AP Calculus. --- Addition. --- Almost surely. --- American Mathematical Monthly. --- Arc (geometry). --- Calculation. --- Cambridge University Press. --- Cartesian coordinate system. --- Catenary. --- Central angle. --- Chain rule. --- Change of variables. --- Circumference. --- Clockwise. --- Convex function. --- Coordinate system. --- Curve. --- Cycloid. --- Cylinder (geometry). --- Derivative. --- Diameter. --- Differential calculus. --- Differential equation. --- Dimension. --- Dynamic programming. --- Elementary function. --- Equation. --- Equilateral triangle. --- Euler–Lagrange equation. --- Fermat's principle. --- Fluxion. --- Geometry. --- Honeycomb conjecture. --- Hyperbolic function. --- Hypotenuse. --- Illustration. --- Inequality of arithmetic and geometric means. --- Instant. --- Integer. --- Isoperimetric problem. --- Iteration. --- Jensen's inequality. --- Johann Bernoulli. --- Kinetic energy. --- Length. --- Line (geometry). --- Line segment. --- Linear programming. --- Logarithm. --- Mathematical maturity. --- Mathematical problem. --- Mathematician. --- Mathematics. --- Newton's method. --- Notation. --- Parabola. --- Parametric equation. --- Partial derivative. --- Perimeter. --- Philosopher. --- Physicist. --- Pierre de Fermat. --- Polygon. --- Polynomial. --- Potential energy. --- Princeton University Press. --- Projectile. --- Pumping station. --- Pythagorean theorem. --- Quadratic equation. --- Quadratic formula. --- Quantity. --- Ray (optics). --- Real number. --- Rectangle. --- Refraction. --- Refractive index. --- Regiomontanus. --- Requirement. --- Result. --- Right angle. --- Right triangle. --- Science. --- Scientific notation. --- Second derivative. --- Semicircle. --- Sign (mathematics). --- Simple algebra. --- Simplex algorithm. --- Snell's law. --- Special case. --- Square root. --- Summation. --- Surface area. --- Tangent. --- Trigonometric functions. --- Variable (mathematics). --- Vertex angle. --- Writing.