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This work demonstrates that what is commonly called 'preterite decay in Upper German' (PS; cf. German Präteritumschwund) is in fact a phenomenon common to a great number of European languages, all of which are in areal con-tact. However, the conclusion that this is a phenomenon arising under areal influence appears clearly mistaken - not only so because it would no more than postpone the search for the real trigger of this development. It will be shown, first, that the preterite loss in the languages under inspection comes in different states of completion. It will be seen that the loss of the preterite, under this perspective, German is by no means a completed process. Second, and what is more, it will be argued that the trigger for this decay of the synthetic preterite and its replacement by analytic preterite forms is the specific criteria under which oral (as opposed to written) communication is executed. Counter to the rich, existing literature on the topic, a number of parsing principles will be claimed to be responsible for this diachronic development yielding different results due to a different execution of these principles.

Discourse analysis. --- German language --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Linguistic change. --- Parsing. --- Tense. --- Discourse analysis --- Linguistic change --- Change, Linguistic --- Language change --- Historical linguistics --- Language and languages --- Tense (Grammar) --- Discourse grammar --- Text grammar --- Semantics --- Semiotics --- Parsing (Grammar) --- Parsing --- Tense --- Temporal constructions --- Syntax --- Linguistics --- Philology

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"This book represents a new approach to language acquisition and to variable properties in language. By taking a novel approach in allowing for an account of the acquisition of variable properties of language and a biologically plausible treatment of language variation, Lightfoot argues against the use of binary parameters, for the centrality of parsing in language acquisition, and for the "openness" of Universal Grammar"--

Language awareness in children --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Second language acquisition --- Second language learning --- Language acquisition --- Language and languages --- Syntax --- Parsing (Grammar) --- Children --- Parsing --- Study and teaching (Elementary) --- Language --- E-books --- Language awareness in children. --- Parsing. --- Syntax. --- Linguistics --- Philology --- Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax --- Parameters --- Universal Grammar --- parsing --- language acquisition --- variable properties --- syntactic change --- internal language --- external language --- learnability --- phase transitions --- domino effects --- interfaces --- population biology --- individualism --- Darwin's finches --- Scandinavian languages --- English --- LINGUISTICS & LANGUAGE/Language Acquisition

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This book presents a comprehensive overview of semi-supervised approaches to dependency parsing. Having become increasingly popular in recent years, one of the main reasons for their success is that they can make use of large unlabeled data together with relatively small labeled data and have shown their advantages in the context of dependency parsing for many languages. Various semi-supervised dependency parsing approaches have been proposed in recent works which utilize different types of information gleaned from unlabeled data. The book offers readers a comprehensive introduction to these approaches, making it ideally suited as a textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate students and researchers in the fields of syntactic parsing and natural language processing.

Linguistics. --- Computational Linguistics. --- Computational linguistics. --- Linguistique --- Linguistique informatique --- Dependency grammar. --- Grammar, Comparative and general -- Parsing. --- Mathematical linguistics. --- Natural language processing (Computer science). --- Languages & Literatures --- Philology & Linguistics --- Natural language processing (Computer science) --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Parsing. --- Valence (Linguistics) --- Parsing (Grammar) --- NLP (Computer science) --- Algebraic linguistics --- Language and languages --- Linguistics --- Linguistics, Mathematical --- Statistical methods --- Mathematical models --- Artificial intelligence --- Electronic data processing --- Human-computer interaction --- Semantic computing --- Mathematical linguistics --- Applied linguistics --- Information theory --- Computational linguistics --- Syntax --- Automatic language processing --- Language data processing --- Natural language processing (Linguistics) --- Cross-language information retrieval --- Multilingual computing --- Data processing