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Risk and protective factors influence behaviors and outcomes for youth. While risk factors expose youth to risk-taking behavior that compromises well-being and hinders personal development, protective factors mediate risk and act as protective mechanisms that insulate youth from negative outcomes. This paper groups youth by risk levels using a cluster analysis methodology, and identifies the risk and protective factors that characterize these groups. Using data from a new household survey covering youth in four urban areas of Argentina in 2005, youth are clustered by characteristics in relation to family and health, education and income, substance abuse, and crime and violence as indicators of risk and protective factors, and behaviors and consequences. Almost half of Argentine youth are at an elevated risk level, and one in four is at serious risk of experiencing negative outcomes or already suffering the consequences. The findings show, for example, that higher income protects against risk factors, such as an insecure neighborhood, and facilitates youth attending school. Furthermore, parents' lack of education is negatively related to the behaviors and outcomes of their children.
Adolescent Health --- Childhood to adulthood --- Communities & Human Settlements --- Domestic violence --- Early motherhood --- Early sexual initiation --- Gender --- Gender and Health --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Housing and Human Habitats --- Parental education --- Population Policies --- Risk factors --- Social Development --- Substance abuse --- Violence --- Youth --- Youth and Government
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This study constructs three indices to measure how well Brazil's young people are surviving their transition to adulthood. Youth development is difficult to quantify because of the multi-dimensionality of youth behavior. Most monitoring use individual indicators in specific sectors, making it difficult to track overall progress. The study adapts to the Brazilian case a methodology developed by Duke University to measure the well-being of U.S. children and youth. It uses readily available data to construct three indices for each Brazilian state based on 36 indicators encompassing the health, behavior, school performance, institutional connectedness, and socioeconomic conditions. The indices conclude that young people in the states of Santa Catarina and the Federal District are doing particularly well and those in Alagoas and Pernambuco are the worst off. While these rankings are expected to continue into the next generation, young people in other states have a brighter (Espiritu Santo) or more dismal (Rio Grande de Sul, Tocatins) future due to underinvestment in today's children. Still others (Rio de Janeiro) are underutilizing their resources so their young citizens are in a worse situation than they could be if the state were to invest more. The hope is that the methodology can be used in Brazil as it has been used in the United States to estimate the indices annually, thus allowing policymakers, young people, and society to track the well-being of youth in each state over time.
Adolescent Health --- Adolescents --- Age --- Aids --- Birth Weight --- Childhood To Adulthood --- Children --- Children and Youth --- Cigarette Smoking --- Education --- Families --- Gender --- Gender and Health --- Health Monitoring and Evaluation --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Human Rights --- Illicit Drug Use --- Mortality --- Mortality Rate --- Overweight --- Parental Education --- Population Policies --- Primary Education --- Substance Use --- Teen Pregnancy --- Violence --- Youth --- Youth and Government --- Youth Development --- Youth Participation
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Risk and protective factors influence behaviors and outcomes for youth. While risk factors expose youth to risk-taking behavior that compromises well-being and hinders personal development, protective factors mediate risk and act as protective mechanisms that insulate youth from negative outcomes. This paper groups youth by risk levels using a cluster analysis methodology, and identifies the risk and protective factors that characterize these groups. Using data from a new household survey covering youth in four urban areas of Argentina in 2005, youth are clustered by characteristics in relation to family and health, education and income, substance abuse, and crime and violence as indicators of risk and protective factors, and behaviors and consequences. Almost half of Argentine youth are at an elevated risk level, and one in four is at serious risk of experiencing negative outcomes or already suffering the consequences. The findings show, for example, that higher income protects against risk factors, such as an insecure neighborhood, and facilitates youth attending school. Furthermore, parents' lack of education is negatively related to the behaviors and outcomes of their children.
Adolescent Health --- Childhood to adulthood --- Communities & Human Settlements --- Domestic violence --- Early motherhood --- Early sexual initiation --- Gender --- Gender and Health --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Housing and Human Habitats --- Parental education --- Population Policies --- Risk factors --- Social Development --- Substance abuse --- Violence --- Youth --- Youth and Government
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This study constructs three indices to measure how well Brazil's young people are surviving their transition to adulthood. Youth development is difficult to quantify because of the multi-dimensionality of youth behavior. Most monitoring use individual indicators in specific sectors, making it difficult to track overall progress. The study adapts to the Brazilian case a methodology developed by Duke University to measure the well-being of U.S. children and youth. It uses readily available data to construct three indices for each Brazilian state based on 36 indicators encompassing the health, behavior, school performance, institutional connectedness, and socioeconomic conditions. The indices conclude that young people in the states of Santa Catarina and the Federal District are doing particularly well and those in Alagoas and Pernambuco are the worst off. While these rankings are expected to continue into the next generation, young people in other states have a brighter (Espiritu Santo) or more dismal (Rio Grande de Sul, Tocatins) future due to underinvestment in today's children. Still others (Rio de Janeiro) are underutilizing their resources so their young citizens are in a worse situation than they could be if the state were to invest more. The hope is that the methodology can be used in Brazil as it has been used in the United States to estimate the indices annually, thus allowing policymakers, young people, and society to track the well-being of youth in each state over time.
Adolescent Health --- Adolescents --- Age --- Aids --- Birth Weight --- Childhood To Adulthood --- Children --- Children and Youth --- Cigarette Smoking --- Education --- Families --- Gender --- Gender and Health --- Health Monitoring and Evaluation --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Human Rights --- Illicit Drug Use --- Mortality --- Mortality Rate --- Overweight --- Parental Education --- Population Policies --- Primary Education --- Substance Use --- Teen Pregnancy --- Violence --- Youth --- Youth and Government --- Youth Development --- Youth Participation
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Under some conditions, macroeconomic crises can have a positive effect on the accumulation of human capital because they reduce the opportunity cost of schooling. This has profound implications for the design of appropriate social protection policies. The impact of macroeconomic crises on parents' investments in the human capital of their children is a widely contested issue. Schady analyzes the effects of the profound macroeconomic crisis in Peru in 1988-92 on the schooling and employment decisions made by urban school-age children. He arrives at two basic findings: First, the crisis had no effect on the attendance rates of school-age children. But the share of children who were both employed and in school fell significantly during the crisis; Second, mean educational attainment was significantly higher for children who were exposed to the crisis than for those who were not. Schady argues that these findings may be related: children who are not employed have more time available and may therefore put more effort into school. He concludes with a discussion of the implications of his findings for the design of appropriate social protection policies. This paper-a product of the Poverty Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region-is part of a larger effort in the region to understand the effects of macroeconomic crises on households, and to design appropriate policies to mitigate their costs.
Adults --- Attendance Rate --- Attendance Rates --- Disability --- Education --- Education for All --- Education of Parents --- Educational Attainment --- Effective Schools and Teachers --- Enrollment Rates --- Enrolment Rates --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Literacy --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Investments In Education --- Labor Policies --- Parental Education --- Population Policies --- Primary Education --- Primary School --- Provision Of Education --- Public Expenditures On Education --- Public School --- School --- School Attendance --- School Enrollment --- School Year --- Schooling --- Secondary School --- Social Protections and Labor --- Street Children --- Tertiary Education --- Urban Development --- Youth and Government
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This volume comprises a series of research articles dedicated to the UNESCO 2019 Forum on Education for Sustainable Education and Global Citizenship. Given the imperative of education in sustainable development, especially in developing countries, the volume covers a wide range of topics: the mobility and mental health of international students, reading habits and academic achievements of junior high school students, core competencies of mid-level managers in higher education, adoption of an international publishing standard, legal rights for education and socio-cultural adaptation of ethnic minorities, and, most recently, students’ learning behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Humanities --- Education --- international student --- higher education --- sustainability --- student loyalty --- Vietnam --- sustainable education --- internationalization --- international university --- help-seeking --- acculturative stress --- depression --- social connectedness --- Japan --- reading practices --- reading abilities --- junior high school students --- education for sustainable developments --- gender --- STEM --- occupational aspiration --- parental influence --- socioeconomic background --- academic achievement --- quality education --- sustainable development goal 4 --- competency --- heads of department --- mid-level academic managers --- mid-level management --- sustainable development --- interior ethnic boarding school --- inclusive and equitable quality education --- sociocultural adaptation --- latent class analysis --- research --- international publishing --- university --- Delphi method --- socio-economic status --- parental education --- digital literacy --- digital resilience --- Sustainable Development Goal 4 --- digital age --- bayesvl --- educational rights --- ethnic minorities --- sustainable development goals --- multi-cultural education --- learning habit --- school closure --- socioeconomic --- COVID-19 --- SDG4 --- secondary school --- international student --- higher education --- sustainability --- student loyalty --- Vietnam --- sustainable education --- internationalization --- international university --- help-seeking --- acculturative stress --- depression --- social connectedness --- Japan --- reading practices --- reading abilities --- junior high school students --- education for sustainable developments --- gender --- STEM --- occupational aspiration --- parental influence --- socioeconomic background --- academic achievement --- quality education --- sustainable development goal 4 --- competency --- heads of department --- mid-level academic managers --- mid-level management --- sustainable development --- interior ethnic boarding school --- inclusive and equitable quality education --- sociocultural adaptation --- latent class analysis --- research --- international publishing --- university --- Delphi method --- socio-economic status --- parental education --- digital literacy --- digital resilience --- Sustainable Development Goal 4 --- digital age --- bayesvl --- educational rights --- ethnic minorities --- sustainable development goals --- multi-cultural education --- learning habit --- school closure --- socioeconomic --- COVID-19 --- SDG4 --- secondary school
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This volume comprises a series of research articles dedicated to the UNESCO 2019 Forum on Education for Sustainable Education and Global Citizenship. Given the imperative of education in sustainable development, especially in developing countries, the volume covers a wide range of topics: the mobility and mental health of international students, reading habits and academic achievements of junior high school students, core competencies of mid-level managers in higher education, adoption of an international publishing standard, legal rights for education and socio-cultural adaptation of ethnic minorities, and, most recently, students’ learning behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Humanities --- Education --- international student --- higher education --- sustainability --- student loyalty --- Vietnam --- sustainable education --- internationalization --- international university --- help-seeking --- acculturative stress --- depression --- social connectedness --- Japan --- reading practices --- reading abilities --- junior high school students --- education for sustainable developments --- gender --- STEM --- occupational aspiration --- parental influence --- socioeconomic background --- academic achievement --- quality education --- sustainable development goal 4 --- competency --- heads of department --- mid-level academic managers --- mid-level management --- sustainable development --- interior ethnic boarding school --- inclusive and equitable quality education --- sociocultural adaptation --- latent class analysis --- research --- international publishing --- university --- Delphi method --- socio-economic status --- parental education --- digital literacy --- digital resilience --- Sustainable Development Goal 4 --- digital age --- bayesvl --- educational rights --- ethnic minorities --- sustainable development goals --- multi-cultural education --- learning habit --- school closure --- socioeconomic --- COVID-19 --- SDG4 --- secondary school
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This volume comprises a series of research articles dedicated to the UNESCO 2019 Forum on Education for Sustainable Education and Global Citizenship. Given the imperative of education in sustainable development, especially in developing countries, the volume covers a wide range of topics: the mobility and mental health of international students, reading habits and academic achievements of junior high school students, core competencies of mid-level managers in higher education, adoption of an international publishing standard, legal rights for education and socio-cultural adaptation of ethnic minorities, and, most recently, students’ learning behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic.
international student --- higher education --- sustainability --- student loyalty --- Vietnam --- sustainable education --- internationalization --- international university --- help-seeking --- acculturative stress --- depression --- social connectedness --- Japan --- reading practices --- reading abilities --- junior high school students --- education for sustainable developments --- gender --- STEM --- occupational aspiration --- parental influence --- socioeconomic background --- academic achievement --- quality education --- sustainable development goal 4 --- competency --- heads of department --- mid-level academic managers --- mid-level management --- sustainable development --- interior ethnic boarding school --- inclusive and equitable quality education --- sociocultural adaptation --- latent class analysis --- research --- international publishing --- university --- Delphi method --- socio-economic status --- parental education --- digital literacy --- digital resilience --- Sustainable Development Goal 4 --- digital age --- bayesvl --- educational rights --- ethnic minorities --- sustainable development goals --- multi-cultural education --- learning habit --- school closure --- socioeconomic --- COVID-19 --- SDG4 --- secondary school
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Politically active individuals and organizations make huge investments of time, energy, and money to influence everything from election outcomes to congressional subcommittee hearings to local school politics, while other groups and individual citizens seem woefully underrepresented in our political system. The Unheavenly Chorus is the most comprehensive and systematic examination of political voice in America ever undertaken--and its findings are sobering. The Unheavenly Chorus is the first book to look at the political participation of individual citizens alongside the political advocacy of thousands of organized interests--membership associations such as unions, professional associations, trade associations, and citizens groups, as well as organizations like corporations, hospitals, and universities. Drawing on numerous in-depth surveys of members of the public as well as the largest database of interest organizations ever created--representing more than thirty-five thousand organizations over a twenty-five-year period--this book conclusively demonstrates that American democracy is marred by deeply ingrained and persistent class-based political inequality. The well educated and affluent are active in many ways to make their voices heard, while the less advantaged are not. This book reveals how the political voices of organized interests are even less representative than those of individuals, how political advantage is handed down across generations, how recruitment to political activity perpetuates and exaggerates existing biases, how political voice on the Internet replicates these inequalities--and more. In a true democracy, the preferences and needs of all citizens deserve equal consideration. Yet equal consideration is only possible with equal citizen voice. The Unheavenly Chorus reveals how far we really are from the democratic ideal and how hard it would be to attain it.
Democracy --- Pressure groups --- Equality --- Political participation --- ANES panel studies. --- America. --- American civic culture. --- American democracy. --- Internet. --- Supreme Court decisions. --- Washington pressure community. --- Washington representation. --- advantaged. --- age groups. --- age. --- business interests. --- class bias. --- class differences. --- class inequalities. --- class inequality. --- cohort effects. --- creative participation. --- democracy. --- democratic dilemma. --- democratic governance. --- differential voice. --- disadvantaged. --- economic inequality. --- economic interests. --- educated parents. --- educational attainment. --- egalitarians. --- elections. --- electoral democracy. --- empirical analysis. --- equal consideration. --- equal political voice. --- equal voice. --- equality. --- family background. --- federal constitution. --- free rider problem. --- home politics. --- inequalities. --- life-cycle effects. --- material well-being. --- median voter model. --- national politics. --- nonvoters. --- organizational activity. --- organized interest activity. --- organized interest influence. --- organized interest politics. --- organized interest representation. --- organized interest system. --- organized interests. --- organized representation. --- parental education. --- participatory advantage. --- participatory inequalities. --- participatory patterns. --- policy benefits. --- political activism. --- political activity. --- political advantage. --- political conflict. --- political division. --- political inactivity. --- political inequality. --- political involvement. --- political organizations. --- political outcomes. --- political participation. --- political polarization. --- political processes. --- political recruitment. --- political voice. --- pressure community. --- pressure politics. --- pressure system. --- public officials. --- public opinion. --- public policy. --- rational prospecting. --- resource constraint. --- resource constraints. --- resource deprived. --- resource disadvantaged. --- social class. --- social processes. --- socio-economic status. --- socio-economic stratification. --- state constitutions. --- strategic considerations. --- survey data. --- surveys. --- systematic empirical data. --- trade-offs. --- unequal political voice. --- union membership. --- voluntary associations. --- voters. --- voting power. --- voting strength. --- voting. --- websites.
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Parents and students from different socioeconomic backgrounds value differently school characteristics, but the reasons behind this preference heterogeneity are not well understood. In the context of the centralized school assignment system in Mexico City, this study analyzes how a large household income shock affects choices over high school tracks exploiting the discontinuity in the assignment of the welfare program Oportunidades. The income shock significantly increases the probability of choosing the vocational track vis-a-vis the other more academic-oriented tracks. The findings suggest that the transfer relaxes the financial constraints that prevent relatively low-ability students from choosing the schooling option with higher labor market returns.
Academic ability --- Academic achievement --- Academic quality --- Academic year --- Access to university --- Achievement --- Achievement standards --- Assignment mechanism --- Average treatment effect --- Career --- College --- College education --- Curriculum --- Dropout rate --- Economic development --- Economics of education --- Education --- Education for all --- Education institutions --- Education level --- Education programs --- Educational modalities --- Educational outcomes --- Effective schools & teachers --- Elite schools --- Employment --- Enrollment --- Ethnic composition --- Exam --- Fees --- Geographic distribution --- Grade levels --- Graduate --- Graduation rate --- Grants --- High school --- High school level --- High school students --- High schools --- Higher education --- Human capital --- Information technology --- ITS --- Labor markets --- Learning --- LET --- Literature --- Low-income students --- Lower secondary --- Lower secondary school --- Middle school --- Middle schools --- Ministry of education --- Mobility --- Number of students --- Number of students per teacher --- Open access --- Parental education --- Pedagogical methods --- Primary education --- Public education --- Public school --- Public schools --- Returns to education --- Scholarships --- School attendance --- School census --- School completion --- School curriculum --- School days --- School facilities --- School infrastructure --- School level --- School principals --- School program --- School programs --- School quality --- School students --- School supplies --- School vouchers --- School year --- Schooling --- Secondary education --- Secondary enrollment --- Secondary school --- Secondary schooling --- Skills --- Statistics --- Student ability --- Students --- Students per teacher --- Study --- Teacher --- Teachers --- Technical education --- Technical schools --- Technical track --- Tertiary education --- Tertiary level --- Test scores --- Training --- Tuition --- Tuition costs --- Tuition fees --- University --- University degree --- University programs --- Upper secondary --- Upper secondary education --- Upper secondary level --- Vocational education --- Vocational school --- Vocational schools --- Vouchers --- Workshops
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