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Over the last decade, the Government of the Philippines has embarked on an ambitious education reform program to ensure that all Filipinos have the opportunity to obtain the skills that they need to play a full and productive role in society. The government has backed up these reforms, particularly over the last five years, with substantial increases in investment in the education sector. Between 2010 and 2015, spending on basic education increased by 60 percent in real terms, and per student funding levels has increased considerably. Increases in the availability of key inputs have also significantly increased access to basic education. The results showed that the quality of education in the country was low, with only around one-third of elementary and secondary school students being able to reach the lowest international benchmark in mathematics. Recent detailed studies of education spending in the Philippines have confirmed the need for more spending to enable existing schools to meet national education norms and standards. The purpose of this study is to assess the quality of basic education services and the systems used to allocate and manage public education resources. While small-scale qualitative studies have been conducted to look at particular public funding flows, there has been no previous attempt to comprehensively assess the strengths and weaknesses of the systems that manage and govern the use of public education funding. This study aims to fill this gap and to provide detailed evidence on the extent to which these systems are effective in handling key items of public spending. The study also aims to provide a snapshot of the availability and quality of key education inputs at the school level and to evaluate whether these resources are distributed equitably across schools. The outline of the report provides the context of the study and documents recent trends in basic education spending. It also shows in detail how recent spending increases have affected education outcomes. In line with agreements between the study team and key stakeholders while the study was being designed, the findings are presented as a series of seven policy notes: Policy Note 1: Assessing Systems for Hiring and Deploying Teachers reports on new teacher allocations, hiring processes, and salaries. Policy Note 2: Developing a Proficient and Motivated Teacher Workforce reports on the funds available for and the provision of professional development opportunities for teachers. Policy Note 3: Building Better Learning Environments reports on school infrastructure spending. Policy Note 4: Assessing School-based Management evaluates how well school-based management institutions and processes are working. Policy Note 5: Providing Schools with Adequate Resources to Deliver Quality Education reports on the provision and use of funds to cover school maintenance and operating expenses (MOOE). Policy Note 6: Assessing the Role Played by Local Government in Supporting Basic Education reports on the funding provided for basic education by local governments. Policy Note 7: Understanding the Drivers of Public School Performance and Efficiency examines school efficiency and explores associations between efficiency, performance, and the explanatory factors highlighted in the other policy notes. Finally, a short conclusion draws together the key findings and policy recommendations contained in the separate policy notes.

Access to Education --- Curriculum --- Early Childhood --- Early Childhood Education --- Education --- Education For All --- Educational Attainment --- Educational Outcomes --- Enrollment Rates --- Human Development --- Investment In Education --- Knowledge --- Parent-Teacher Associations --- Primary Education --- Private Education --- Quality of Education --- Returns to Education --- Sanitation --- School Attendance --- School Construction --- Schools --- Secondary Education --- Small Schools --- Student-Teacher Ratio --- Teacher Salaries --- Teacher Training --- Teachers --- Textbooks

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How has the Japanese government persuaded its citizens to save substantial portions of their incomes? And to care for the elderly within the family? How did the public come to support legalized prostitution as in the national interest? What roles have women's groups played in Japan's "economic miracle"? What actually unites the Japanese to achieve so many economic and social goals that have eluded other polities? Here Sheldon Garon helps us to understand this mobilizing spirit as he taps into the intimate relationships everyday Japanese have with their government. To an extent inconceivable to most Westerners, state directives trickle into homes, religious groups, and even into individuals' sex lives, where they are frequently welcomed by the Japanese and reinforced by their neighbors. In a series of five compelling case studies, Garon demonstrates how average citizens have cooperated with government officials in the areas of welfare, prostitution, and household savings, and in controlling religious "cults" and promoting the political participation of women. The state's success in creating a nation of activists began before World War II, and has hinged on campaigns that mobilize the people behind various policies and encourage their involvement at the local level. For example, neighborhoods have been socially managed on a volunteer basis by small-business owners and housewives, who strive to rid their locales of indolence and to contain welfare costs. The story behind the state regulation of prostitution is a more turbulent one in which many lauded the flourishing brothels for preserving Japanese tradition and strengthening the "family system," while others condemned the sexual enslavement of young women. In each case, we see Japanese citizens working closely with the state to recreate "community" and shape the thought and behavior of fellow citizens. The policies often originate at the top, but in the hands of activists they take on added vigor. This phenomenon, which challenges the conventional dichotomy of the "state" versus the "people," is well worth exploring as Western governments consider how best to manage their own changing societies.

Japan --- Abe Isoo. --- Akamatsu Tsuneko. --- Anesaki Masaharu. --- Asahi shimbun. --- Boy Scouts of Japan. --- Bureau of Hygiene. --- Bureau of Local Affairs. --- Campaign to Beautify Japan. --- Central Charity Association. --- Edo relief shelters. --- Fascist Italy. --- First Higher School. --- Fujimura Yoshirō. --- Gauntlett Tsune. --- Gold Plan. --- Hani Motoko. --- Hani Setsuko. --- Hatoyama Haruko. --- Hommichi sect. --- Ichinomiya Fusajirō. --- Ikeda Yoshimasa, Inoue Tomoichi. --- Iwakura Tomomi. --- Japan Consumer Information Center. --- Japan Women’s College. --- Kanamori Michitomo. --- Kawasaki Natsu. --- Kusama Yasoo. --- Madonna Boom. --- Matsudaira Sadanobu. --- Narita Ryuichi. --- Ohira Masayoshi. --- Onishi Aijird. --- Poor Law of 1601 (England). --- Salvation Army. --- adultery. --- blue-line zones. --- children’s associations. --- comfort women. --- customs reform groups. --- dance halls. --- divorce. --- emperor-system ideology. --- evil cults. --- freedom of religion. --- geisha. --- laissez-faire theory. --- millenarianism. --- monogamy. --- parent-teacher associations. --- proletarian parties. --- recycling.