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Paganism --- Church history --- Religion and politics --- Paganisme --- Eglise --- Religion et politique --- Histoire --- Rome --- Religion. --- Religion --- Paganism - Rome --- Church history - Primitive and early church, ca. 30-600 --- Religion and politics - Rome --- Rome - Religion

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This study of the last pagan Roman emperor provides remarkable insight into the man and his timesThe figure of Julian demands the attention of historians. As the last pagan Roman Emperor, he provides a focus for studying the religious transformations that were taking place in the empire in the fourth century. Further, his secular policies and concerns concentrate attention on other transformations – social and political – within the period.Notably, Julian elicited sharply divided opinion from his contemporaries, which is largely polarised between pagan supporters and Christian opponents. Such division of opinion is also matched by the modern literature on him. Was he the prospective saviour of the Roman Empire, or was he out-of-touch and living in the past? Was he an evangelist for Mithraism, or an altogether more traditional pagan? Was he a shrewd military man, or a rash risk-taker whose luck spectacularly ran out on his Persian expedition? These questions and more are asked and discussed, allowing students to reach their own verdict on this exciting and controversial emperor.Key Features:*Issues of historical significance are identified and discussed*Key passages of text are gathered and accessible in one volume*Modern interpretations of Julian are presented and consideredThe figure of Julian demands the attention of historians. As the last pagan Roman Emperor, he provides a focus for studying the religious transformations that were taking place in the empire in the fourth century. Further, his secular policies and concerns concentrate attention on other transformations – social and political – within the period.Notably, Julian elicited sharply divided opinion from his contemporaries, which is largely polarised between pagan supporters and Christian opponents. Such division of opinion is also matched by the modern literature on him. Was he the prospective saviour of the Roman Empire, or was he out-of-touch and living in

Emperors --- Empereurs --- Biography. --- Biographies --- Julian, --- Rome --- Religion. --- History --- Religion --- Histoire --- Paganism --- History. --- 929 JULIANUS APOSTATA --- Civilization, Pagan --- Heathenism --- Religions --- Biografie. Genealogie. Heraldiek--JULIANUS APOSTATA --- Julianus, --- Julianus, Flavius Claudius, --- I︠U︡lian, --- Juliano, --- Yulyanus, Flaṿyus Ḳlaʼudyus, --- Ioulianos, --- Giuliano, --- Julien, --- יוליאנוס, --- Ἰουλιανὸς, --- 929 JULIANUS APOSTATA Biografie. Genealogie. Heraldiek--JULIANUS APOSTATA --- Biography --- Paganism - Rome - History. --- Emperors - Rome - Biography --- Julian, - Emperor of Rome, - 331-363. --- Rome - Religion. --- Rome - History - Julian, 361-363.

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The Roman emperor Julian (361-363) was raised as a Christian, but soon after apostatized, and, during his short reign, attempted to revive paganism. This provoked the anger of the Christians, who raised accusations against him as a persecutor. In The Last Pagan Emperor, these claims are carefully investigated.

Church and state. --- Church history --- Paganism. --- Religion. --- Church and state --- Paganism --- Eglise et Etat --- Eglise --- Paganisme --- Primitive and early church. --- Histoire --- Julian, --- Rome (Empire) --- BIOGRAPHY & AUTOBIOGRAPHY / Historical. --- HISTORY / Ancient / Rome. --- 30-600. --- Rome (Empire). --- Biography & autobiography / historical. --- History / ancient / rome. --- Religion --- Church and state - Rome --- Church history - Primitive and early church, ca. 30-600 --- Paganism - Rome --- Julien l'Apostat --- Julian, - Emperor of Rome, - 331-363 - Religion --- Julian, - Emperor of Rome, - 331-363

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Résumé : Worshippers of the Gods Worshippers of the Gods tells how the Latin writers who witnessed the political and social rise of Christianity rethought the role of traditional religion in the empire and city of Rome. In parallel with the empire’s legal Christianisation, it traces changing attitudes toward paganism from the last empire-wide persecution of Christians under the Tetrarchy to the removal of state funds from the Roman cults in the early 380s. Influential recent scholarship has seen Christian polemical literature—a crucial body of evidence for late antique polytheism—as an exercise in Christian identity-making. In response, Worshippers of the Gods argues that Lactantius, Firmicus Maternus, Ambrosiaster, and Ambrose offered substantive critiques of traditional religion shaped to their political circumstances and to the preoccupations of contemporary polytheists. By bringing together this polemical literature with imperial laws, pagan inscriptions, and the letters and papers of the senator Symmachus, Worshippers of the Gods reveals the changing horizons of Roman thought on traditional religion in the fourth century. Through its five interlocking case studies, it shows how key episodes in the Empire’s religious history—the Tetrarchic persecution, Constantine’s adoption of Christianity, the altar of Victory affair, and the ‘disestablishment’ of the Roman cults—shaped contemporary conceptions of polytheism. It also argues that the idea of a unified ‘paganism’, often seen as a capricious invention by Christian polemicists, actually arose as a Christian response to the eclectic, philosophical polytheism in vogue at Rome.

Christianity and other religions --- Paganism --- Apologetics --- Church history --- Identification (Religion) --- History --- Relations --- Christianity. --- Rome --- Religion. --- Apostolic Church --- Christianity --- Church, Apostolic --- Early Christianity --- Early church --- Primitive and early church --- Primitive Christianity --- Fathers of the church --- Great Apostasy (Mormon doctrine) --- Civilization, Pagan --- Heathenism --- Religions --- Syncretism (Christianity) --- Identity (Religion) --- Religious identity --- Psychology, Religious --- Relations&delete& --- Europe --- Christianisme --- Apologétique --- Église --- Paganisme --- Church history--Primitive and early church, ca. 30-600. --- Paganism. --- Apologetics--History--Early church, ca. 30-600. --- Christianity and other religions - Rome --- Paganism - Rome --- Paganism - Relations - Christianity. --- Christianity and other religions - Paganism - History - Early church, ca. 30-600. --- Apologetics - History - Early church, ca 30-600 --- Church history - Primitive and early church, ca. 30-600 --- Rome - Religion. --- Rome - History - Empire, 284-476 --- Apologétique --- Église

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A contemporary of Descartes and Newton, Athanasius Kircher, S. J. (1601/2-80), was one of Europe's most inventive and versatile scholars in the baroque era. He published more than thirty works in fields as diverse as astronomy, magnetism, cryptology, numerology, geology, and music. But Kircher is most famous-or infamous-for his quixotic attempt to decipher the Egyptian hieroglyphs and reconstruct the ancient traditions they encoded. In 1655, after more than two decades of toil, Kircher published his solution to the hieroglyphs, Oedipus Aegyptiacus, a work that has been called "one of the most learned monstrosities of all times." Here Daniel Stolzenberg presents a new interpretation of Kircher's hieroglyphic studies, placing them in the context of seventeenth-century scholarship on paganism and Oriental languages. Situating Kircher in the social world of baroque Rome, with its scholars, artists, patrons, and censors, Stolzenberg shows how Kircher's study of ancient paganism depended on the circulation of texts, artifacts, and people between Christian and Islamic civilizations. Along with other participants in the rise of Oriental studies, Kircher aimed to revolutionize the study of the past by mastering Near Eastern languages and recovering ancient manuscripts hidden away in the legendary libraries of Cairo and Damascus. The spectacular flaws of his scholarship have fostered an image of Kircher as an eccentric anachronism, a throwback to the Renaissance hermetic tradition. Stolzenberg argues against this view, showing how Kircher embodied essential tensions of a pivotal phase in European intellectual history, when pre-Enlightenment scholars pioneered modern empirical methods of studying the past while still working within traditional frameworks, such as biblical history and beliefs about magic and esoteric wisdom.

Egyptian language --- Occultism --- Orientalism --- Egyptology --- Egyptien (Langue) --- Occultisme --- Orientalisme --- Egyptologie --- Writing, Hieroglyphic. --- History. --- History --- Ecriture hiéroglyphique --- Histoire --- Kircher, Athanasius, --- Europe --- Italy --- Italie --- Intellectual life --- Vie intellectuelle --- -929 KIRCHER, ATHANASIUS --- -Orientalism --- -Egyptology --- -Ancient Egyptian studies --- 929 KIRCHER, ATHANASIUS Biografie. Genealogie. Heraldiek--KIRCHER, ATHANASIUS --- Biografie. Genealogie. Heraldiek--KIRCHER, ATHANASIUS --- -Biografie. Genealogie. Heraldiek--KIRCHER, ATHANASIUS --- -003.21 Beeldschriften. Hiërogliefen --- 003.21 --- 932 --- -Occultism --- -Italy --- Beeldschriften. Hiërogliefen --- Ancient Egyptian studies --- East and West --- Art, Black (Magic) --- Arts, Black (Magic) --- Black art (Magic) --- Black arts (Magic) --- Occult, The --- Occult sciences --- Religions --- Supernatural --- New Age movement --- Parapsychology --- Afroasiatic languages --- 932 Geschiedenis van Egypte--tot 640 --- Geschiedenis van Egypte--tot 640 --- -Intellectual life --- -History. --- 003.21 Beeldschriften. Hiërogliefen --- 932 Geschiedenis van Egypte tot 640 --- Geschiedenis van Egypte tot 640 --- 932 History of ancient Egypt (to 640 AD) --- History of ancient Egypt (to 640 AD) --- -003.21 Beeldschriften. Hiërogliefen --- Beeldschriften. Hiërogliefen --- Writing, Hieroglyphic --- -History --- Gay culture Europe --- Egyptian hieroglyphics --- Hieroglyphics, Egyptian --- Italia --- Italian Republic (1946- ) --- Italianska republika --- Italʹi︠a︡nskai︠a︡ Rėspublika --- Italien --- Italii︠a︡ --- Italii︠a︡ Respublikasi --- Italiĭsʹka Respublika --- Itālija --- Itālijas Republika --- Italijos Respublika --- Italikē Dēmokratia --- Īṭāliyā --- Italiya Respublikasi --- It'allia --- It'allia Konghwaguk --- İtalya --- İtalya Cumhuriyeti --- Iṭalyah --- Iṭalye --- Itaria --- Itaria Kyōwakoku --- Jumhūrīyah al-Īṭālīyah --- Kgl. Italienische Regierung --- Königliche Italienische Regierung --- Laško --- Lýðveldið Ítalía --- Olasz Köztársaság --- Olaszország --- Regno d'Italia (1861-1946) --- Repubblica italiana (1946- ) --- Republiḳah ha-Iṭalḳit --- Włochy --- Yidali --- Yidali Gongheguo --- Ιταλική Δημοκρατία --- Ιταλία --- Итальянская Республика --- Италианска република --- Италия --- Италия Республикаси --- Італьянская Рэспубліка --- Італія --- Італійська Республіка --- איטאליע --- איטליה --- רפובליקה האיטלקית --- إيطاليا --- جمهورية الإيطالية --- イタリア --- イタリア共和国 --- 意大利 --- 意大利共和国 --- 이탈리아 --- 이탈리아 공화국 --- Sardinia (Italy) --- athanasius kircher, antiquity, history, archaeology, music, geology, numerology, cryptology, magnetism, astronomy, hieroglyphs, egypt, decode, decipher, translate, oriental languages, paganism, rome, baroque, world civilizations, islam, christianity, damascus, cairo, language, linguistics, esoteric wisdom, magic, bible, religion, egyptology, occultism, orientalism, oedipus, theology, tradition, nonfiction. --- -Egyptian language --- -Writing, Hieroglyphic