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This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue “Energy Harvesters and Self-Powered Sensors for Smart Electronics” that was published in Micromachines, which showcases the rapid development of various energy harvesting technologies and novel devices. In the current 5G and Internet of Things (IoT) era, energy demand for numerous and widely distributed IoT nodes has greatly driven the innovation of various energy harvesting technologies, providing key functionalities as energy harvesters (i.e., sustainable power supplies) and/or self-powered sensors for diverse IoT systems. Accordingly, this book includes one editorial and nine research articles to explore different aspects of energy harvesting technologies such as electromagnetic energy harvesters, piezoelectric energy harvesters, and hybrid energy harvesters. The mechanism design, structural optimization, performance improvement, and a wide range of energy harvesting and self-powered monitoring applications have been involved. This book can serve as a guidance for researchers and students who would like to know more about the device design, optimization, and applications of different energy harvesting technologies.

Information technology industries --- energy harvesting --- vibration --- broadband --- resonant frequency --- piezoelectric vibration energy harvester --- low frequency --- wideband --- modeling --- energy harvester --- temperature threshold --- piezoelectricity --- vibrational cantilever --- bimetallic effect --- piezoelectric --- optimization --- pattern search --- FEM --- PZT --- electromagnetic --- hybrid energy harvester --- power density improvement --- piezoelectric energy harvester --- tandem --- vortex-induced vibration --- flowing water --- vibration energy harvesting --- electromagnetic generator (EMG) --- nonlinear --- magnetic coupling --- high performance --- diamagnetically stabilized levitation --- Taguchi method --- stable levitation --- maximum gap --- electromagnetic energy harvester --- human body kinetic energy --- n/a

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Using the nanometric resolution of atomic force microscopy techniques, this work explores the rich fundamental physics and novel functionalities of domain walls in ferroelectric materials, the nanoscale interfaces separating regions of differently oriented spontaneous polarization. Due to the local symmetry-breaking caused by the change in polarization, domain walls are found to possess an unexpected lateral piezoelectric response, even when this is symmetry-forbidden in the parent material. This has interesting potential applications in electromechanical devices based on ferroelectric domain patterning. Moreover, electrical conduction is shown to arise at domain walls in otherwise insulating lead zirconate titanate, the first such observation outside of multiferroic bismuth ferrite, due to the tendency of the walls to localize defects. The role of defects is then explored in the theoretical framework of disordered elastic interfaces possessing a characteristic roughness scaling and complex dynamic response. It is shown that the heterogeneous disorder landscape in ferroelectric thin films leads to a breakdown of the usual self-affine roughness, possibly related to strong pinning at individual defects. Finally, the roles of varying environmental conditions and defect densities in domain switching are explored, and shown to be adequately modelled as a competition between screening effects and pinning.

Domain structure. --- Lead zirconate titanate. --- Ferroelectric crystals. --- Ferroelectric thin films. --- Atomic force microscopy. --- Domain configuration --- Ferromagnetic domain --- Magnetic domain --- Crystals --- Ferroelectricity --- Ferromagnetism --- Magnetic bubbles --- AFM (Microscopy) --- Scanning probe microscopy --- Thin films --- Ferroelectrics --- Lead titanate zirconate --- Lead titanium zirconium oxide --- Lead zirconium titanate --- Plumbum zirconate-titanate --- PZT (Piezoelectric ceramics) --- Lead compounds --- Oxides --- Piezoelectric ceramics --- Titanium compounds --- Zirconates --- Optical materials. --- Nanotechnology. --- Surface and Interface Science, Thin Films. --- Optical and Electronic Materials. --- Spectroscopy and Microscopy. --- Nanoscale Science and Technology. --- Molecular technology --- Nanoscale technology --- High technology --- Optics --- Materials --- Surfaces (Physics). --- Interfaces (Physical sciences). --- Thin films. --- Electronic materials. --- Spectroscopy. --- Microscopy. --- Nanoscale science. --- Nanoscience. --- Nanostructures. --- Nanoscience --- Physics --- Nano science --- Nanoscale science --- Nanosciences --- Science --- Analysis, Microscopic --- Light microscopy --- Micrographic analysis --- Microscope and microscopy --- Microscopic analysis --- Optical microscopy --- Analysis, Spectrum --- Spectra --- Spectrochemical analysis --- Spectrochemistry --- Spectrometry --- Spectroscopy --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Interferometry --- Radiation --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Absorption spectra --- Light --- Spectroscope --- Electronic materials --- Surface chemistry --- Surfaces (Physics) --- Surfaces (Technology) --- Films, Thin --- Solid film --- Solid state electronics --- Solids --- Coatings --- Thick films --- Qualitative --- Analytical chemistry

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Kinetic energy harvesters are a viable means of supplying low-power autonomous electronic systems for the remote sensing of operations. In this Special Issue, through twelve diverse contributions, some of the contemporary challenges, solutions and insights around the outlined issues are captured describing a variety of energy harvesting sources, as well as the need to create numerical and experimental evidence based around them. The breadth and interdisciplinarity of the sector are clearly observed, providing the basis for the development of new sensors, methods of measurement, and importantly, for their potential applications in a wide range of technical sectors.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- energy harvester --- electromagnetic --- real vibration --- nonlinearities --- piezoelectric energy harvesting --- triboelectric energy harvesting --- low-frequency vibration energy harvesting --- direct-force generator --- vibration --- frequency-up conversion --- PVDF patches --- structural health monitoring --- sensing --- energy harvesting --- pipe leak detection --- computational fluid dynamics --- optimum sensor distribution --- electromagnetic energy harvester --- bi-stable oscillator --- load resistance optimization --- frequency response analysis --- harmonic balance method --- piezoelectric --- piezoelectric ceramic --- lead zirconate titanate (PZT) --- polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) --- efficiency --- efficiency measurement --- power conversion --- power flow --- vibrations --- analytical model --- beam model --- equivalent model --- power prediction --- Structural Health Monitoring --- damage detection --- macro fiber composites (MFC) --- damage sensitive feature --- finite element method (FEM) --- vibration energy-harvesting system --- hysteretic effect --- bistable oscillator --- bifurcation --- train --- electromagnetic transducer --- model --- test --- wireless sensor --- SMART materials --- magnetostriction --- Terfenol-D --- smart materials --- wireless sensors --- ultrasonic system --- n/a

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Kinetic energy harvesters are a viable means of supplying low-power autonomous electronic systems for the remote sensing of operations. In this Special Issue, through twelve diverse contributions, some of the contemporary challenges, solutions and insights around the outlined issues are captured describing a variety of energy harvesting sources, as well as the need to create numerical and experimental evidence based around them. The breadth and interdisciplinarity of the sector are clearly observed, providing the basis for the development of new sensors, methods of measurement, and importantly, for their potential applications in a wide range of technical sectors.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- energy harvester --- electromagnetic --- real vibration --- nonlinearities --- piezoelectric energy harvesting --- triboelectric energy harvesting --- low-frequency vibration energy harvesting --- direct-force generator --- vibration --- frequency-up conversion --- PVDF patches --- structural health monitoring --- sensing --- energy harvesting --- pipe leak detection --- computational fluid dynamics --- optimum sensor distribution --- electromagnetic energy harvester --- bi-stable oscillator --- load resistance optimization --- frequency response analysis --- harmonic balance method --- piezoelectric --- piezoelectric ceramic --- lead zirconate titanate (PZT) --- polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) --- efficiency --- efficiency measurement --- power conversion --- power flow --- vibrations --- analytical model --- beam model --- equivalent model --- power prediction --- Structural Health Monitoring --- damage detection --- macro fiber composites (MFC) --- damage sensitive feature --- finite element method (FEM) --- vibration energy-harvesting system --- hysteretic effect --- bistable oscillator --- bifurcation --- train --- electromagnetic transducer --- model --- test --- wireless sensor --- SMART materials --- magnetostriction --- Terfenol-D --- smart materials --- wireless sensors --- ultrasonic system --- energy harvester --- electromagnetic --- real vibration --- nonlinearities --- piezoelectric energy harvesting --- triboelectric energy harvesting --- low-frequency vibration energy harvesting --- direct-force generator --- vibration --- frequency-up conversion --- PVDF patches --- structural health monitoring --- sensing --- energy harvesting --- pipe leak detection --- computational fluid dynamics --- optimum sensor distribution --- electromagnetic energy harvester --- bi-stable oscillator --- load resistance optimization --- frequency response analysis --- harmonic balance method --- piezoelectric --- piezoelectric ceramic --- lead zirconate titanate (PZT) --- polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) --- efficiency --- efficiency measurement --- power conversion --- power flow --- vibrations --- analytical model --- beam model --- equivalent model --- power prediction --- Structural Health Monitoring --- damage detection --- macro fiber composites (MFC) --- damage sensitive feature --- finite element method (FEM) --- vibration energy-harvesting system --- hysteretic effect --- bistable oscillator --- bifurcation --- train --- electromagnetic transducer --- model --- test --- wireless sensor --- SMART materials --- magnetostriction --- Terfenol-D --- smart materials --- wireless sensors --- ultrasonic system

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Advances in miniaturization of sensors, actuators, and smart systems are receiving substantial industrial attention, and a wide variety of transducers are commercially available or with high potential to impact emerging markets. Substituting existing products based on bulk materials, in fields such as automotive, environment, food, robotics, medicine, biotechnology, communications, and other technologies, with reduced size, lower cost, and higher performance, is now possible, with potential for manufacturing using advanced silicon integrated circuits technology or alternative additive techniques from the mili- to the nano-scale. In this Special Issue, which is focused on piezoelectric transducers, a wide range of topics are covered, including the design, fabrication, characterization, packaging, and system integration or final applications of mili/micro/nano-electro-mechanical systems based transducers.

cylindrical composite --- piezoceramic/epoxy composite --- electromechanical characteristics --- transducer --- piezoelectric actuators --- positioning --- trajectory control --- numerical analysis --- trajectory planning --- square piezoelectric vibrator --- resonance --- piezoelectric diaphragm pump --- flexible support --- piezoelectric resonance pump --- piezoelectric ceramics actuators --- hysteresis modeling --- Bouc–Wen model --- P-type IL --- MFA control --- SM control --- evidence theory --- active vibration control --- piezoelectric smart structure --- piezoelectric material --- multiphysics simulation --- finite element method (FEM) --- fluid–structure interaction (FSI) --- micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) --- traveling waves --- piezoelectric --- microactuator --- MEMS --- piezoelectric current sensing device --- two-wire power cord --- cymbal structure --- force amplification effect --- sensitivity --- ciliary bodies touch beam --- piezoelectric tactile feedback devices --- anisotropic vibration tactile model --- human factor experiment --- nondestructive testing --- maturity method --- concrete early-age strength --- SmartRock --- ultrasonic waves --- PZT (piezoelectric) sensors --- structural health monitoring --- AlN thin film --- piezoelectric effect --- resonant accelerometer --- z-axis --- debonding --- non-destructive testing --- electromechanical impedance --- damage detection --- impedance-based technique --- damage depth --- piezoelectric vibration energy harvester --- frequency up-conversion mechanism --- impact --- PZT thick film --- piezoelectric ceramic materials --- Duhem model --- hysteresis model --- class-C power amplifier --- diode expander --- piezoelectric transducers --- point-of-care ultrasound systems --- transverse impact --- frequency up-conversion --- piezoelectric bimorph --- human-limb motion --- hybrid energy harvester --- cascade-connected transducer --- low frequency --- small size --- finite element --- acoustic telemetry --- measurement while drilling --- energy harvesting --- pipelines --- underwater networks --- wireless sensor networks --- control algorithm --- waterproof --- coating --- reliability --- flexible micro-devices --- aqueous environments --- seawater --- capacitive pressure sensors --- in-situ pressure sensing --- sensor characterization --- physiological applications --- cardiac output --- aluminum nitride --- resonator --- damping --- quality factor --- electromechanical coupling --- implantable middle ear hearing device --- piezoelectric transducer --- stimulating site --- finite element analysis --- hearing compensation --- adaptive lens --- piezoelectric devices --- fluid-structure interaction --- moving mesh --- thermal expansion --- COMSOL --- petroleum acoustical-logging --- piezoelectric cylindrical-shell transducer --- center-frequency --- experimental-measurement --- piezoelectricity --- visual servo control --- stepping motor --- nano-positioner --- stick-slip --- piezoelectric energy harvester --- cut-in wind speed --- cut-out wind speed --- energy conservation method --- critical stress method --- piezoelectric actuator --- lever mechanism --- analytical model --- stick-slip frication --- nanopositioning stage --- piezoelectric hysteresis --- mark point recognition --- piecewise fitting --- compensation control --- piezo-electromagnetic coupling --- up-conversion --- vibration energy harvester --- multi-directional vibration --- low frequency vibration --- hysteresis compensation --- single-neuron adaptive control --- Hebb learning rules --- supervised learning --- vibration-based energy harvesting --- multimodal structures --- frequency tuning --- nonlinear resonator --- bistability --- magnetostatic force --- robot --- miniature --- traveling wave --- leg --- piezoelectric actuators (PEAs) --- asymmetric hysteresis --- Prandtl–Ishlinskii (PI) model --- polynomial-modified PI (PMPI) model --- feedforward hysteresis compensation --- PIN-PMN-PT --- 1-3 composite --- high frequency --- phased array --- n/a --- Bouc-Wen model --- fluid-structure interaction (FSI) --- Prandtl-Ishlinskii (PI) model