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Kinetic energy harvesters are a viable means of supplying low-power autonomous electronic systems for the remote sensing of operations. In this Special Issue, through twelve diverse contributions, some of the contemporary challenges, solutions and insights around the outlined issues are captured describing a variety of energy harvesting sources, as well as the need to create numerical and experimental evidence based around them. The breadth and interdisciplinarity of the sector are clearly observed, providing the basis for the development of new sensors, methods of measurement, and importantly, for their potential applications in a wide range of technical sectors.

energy harvester --- electromagnetic --- real vibration --- nonlinearities --- piezoelectric energy harvesting --- triboelectric energy harvesting --- low-frequency vibration energy harvesting --- direct-force generator --- vibration --- frequency-up conversion --- PVDF patches --- structural health monitoring --- sensing --- energy harvesting --- pipe leak detection --- computational fluid dynamics --- optimum sensor distribution --- electromagnetic energy harvester --- bi-stable oscillator --- load resistance optimization --- frequency response analysis --- harmonic balance method --- piezoelectric --- piezoelectric ceramic --- lead zirconate titanate (PZT) --- polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) --- efficiency --- efficiency measurement --- power conversion --- power flow --- vibrations --- analytical model --- beam model --- equivalent model --- power prediction --- Structural Health Monitoring --- damage detection --- macro fiber composites (MFC) --- damage sensitive feature --- finite element method (FEM) --- vibration energy-harvesting system --- hysteretic effect --- bistable oscillator --- bifurcation --- train --- electromagnetic transducer --- model --- test --- wireless sensor --- SMART materials --- magnetostriction --- Terfenol-D --- smart materials --- wireless sensors --- ultrasonic system --- n/a

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Electrochemical energy systems can successfully exploit beneficial characteristics of electrolyte and/or electrode membranes due to their intriguing peculiarities that make them well-established, standard components in devices such as fuel cells, electrolyzers, and flow batteries. Therefore, more and more researchers are attracted by these challenging yet important issues regarding the performance and behavior of the final device. This Special Issue of Membranes offers scientists and readers involved in these topics an appealing forum to bring and summarize the forthcoming Research & Development results, which stipulates that the composite electrolyte/electrode membranes should be tailored for lithium batteries and fuel cells. Various key aspects, such as synthesis/preparation of materials/components, investigation of the physicochemical and electrochemical properties, understanding of phenomena within the materials and electrolyte/electrode interface, and device manufacturing and performance, were presented and discussed using key research teams from internationally recognized experts in these fields.

ionic liquids --- N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide --- poly(ethyleneoxide) --- polymer electrolytes --- lithium polymer batteries --- PVDF --- copolymers --- battery separator --- lithium-ion batteries --- solid state battery --- thermoplastic polymer electrolyte --- ionic liquid --- sepiolite --- inorganic filler --- gel polymer electrolytes --- composites --- montmorillonite clays --- lithium batteries --- PFG-NMR --- self-diffusion coefficient --- blend polymers --- ion transport --- nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) --- gel polymer electrolyte --- electrospinning --- gravure printing --- printed batteries --- printed cathode --- multilayer --- Nafion --- CaTiO3-δ --- composite electrolyte --- succinonitrile --- electrolyte --- lithium ion batteries --- composite fibers --- mixtures --- n/a

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This book is devoted to energy harvesting from smart materials and devices. It focusses on the latest available techniques recently published by researchers all over the world. Energy Harvesting allows otherwise wasted environmental energy to be converted into electric energy, such as vibrations, wind and solar energy. It is a common experience that the limiting factor for wearable electronics, such as smartphones or wearable bands, or for wireless sensors in harsh environments, is the finite energy stored in onboard batteries. Therefore, the answer to the battery “charge or change” issue is energy harvesting because it converts the energy in the precise location where it is needed. In order to achieve this, suitable smart materials are needed, such as piezoelectrics or magnetostrictives. Moreover, energy harvesting may also be exploited for other crucial applications, such as for the powering of implantable medical/sensing devices for humans and animals. Therefore, energy harvesting from smart materials will become increasingly important in the future. This book provides a broad perspective on this topic for researchers and readers with both physics and engineering backgrounds.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- magnetostrictive --- energy harvesting --- wearable --- magnetostrictive materials --- Galfenol --- finite element model --- iron-gallium --- measurements --- preisach model --- piezoelectric ceramics --- lead-free piezoceramics --- virtual instrument --- 3D electrospinning --- PVDF fibers --- piezoelectricity --- piezoelectric sensing --- wind energy harvesting --- snap-through motion --- dynamic stability --- variable-speed --- double-clamped --- width shapes --- piezoelectric energy harvester --- electrodes pair --- MEMS structure --- finite element method --- open circuit voltage --- moving load --- layered double hydroxide solar cell (LDHSC) --- photoactive material --- UV-Vis absorption --- dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) --- photoactive layered double hydroxide (LDH) --- transition metal modification --- optical bandgap analysis --- renewable energy --- photovoltaic device design --- iron (Fe) modified MgFeAl LDH --- triboelectric effect --- polymer and composites --- low-power devices --- thermomagnetic energy generators --- power generation --- waste heat recovery --- lumped-element modelling --- magnetic shape memory films --- Ni-Mn-Ga film --- magnetization change --- Curie temperature --- finite element simulation --- piezoelectric unit distributions --- electrical potential and energy --- von Mises stress --- PVDF --- piezoelectric material --- human body movements --- glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite --- multifunctional structural laminate --- thermal energy harvesting --- through-thickness thermal gradient --- thermoelectric generator (TEG) --- magnetostrictive --- energy harvesting --- wearable --- magnetostrictive materials --- Galfenol --- finite element model --- iron-gallium --- measurements --- preisach model --- piezoelectric ceramics --- lead-free piezoceramics --- virtual instrument --- 3D electrospinning --- PVDF fibers --- piezoelectricity --- piezoelectric sensing --- wind energy harvesting --- snap-through motion --- dynamic stability --- variable-speed --- double-clamped --- width shapes --- piezoelectric energy harvester --- electrodes pair --- MEMS structure --- finite element method --- open circuit voltage --- moving load --- layered double hydroxide solar cell (LDHSC) --- photoactive material --- UV-Vis absorption --- dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) --- photoactive layered double hydroxide (LDH) --- transition metal modification --- optical bandgap analysis --- renewable energy --- photovoltaic device design --- iron (Fe) modified MgFeAl LDH --- triboelectric effect --- polymer and composites --- low-power devices --- thermomagnetic energy generators --- power generation --- waste heat recovery --- lumped-element modelling --- magnetic shape memory films --- Ni-Mn-Ga film --- magnetization change --- Curie temperature --- finite element simulation --- piezoelectric unit distributions --- electrical potential and energy --- von Mises stress --- PVDF --- piezoelectric material --- human body movements --- glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite --- multifunctional structural laminate --- thermal energy harvesting --- through-thickness thermal gradient --- thermoelectric generator (TEG)

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Kinetic energy harvesters are a viable means of supplying low-power autonomous electronic systems for the remote sensing of operations. In this Special Issue, through twelve diverse contributions, some of the contemporary challenges, solutions and insights around the outlined issues are captured describing a variety of energy harvesting sources, as well as the need to create numerical and experimental evidence based around them. The breadth and interdisciplinarity of the sector are clearly observed, providing the basis for the development of new sensors, methods of measurement, and importantly, for their potential applications in a wide range of technical sectors.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- energy harvester --- electromagnetic --- real vibration --- nonlinearities --- piezoelectric energy harvesting --- triboelectric energy harvesting --- low-frequency vibration energy harvesting --- direct-force generator --- vibration --- frequency-up conversion --- PVDF patches --- structural health monitoring --- sensing --- energy harvesting --- pipe leak detection --- computational fluid dynamics --- optimum sensor distribution --- electromagnetic energy harvester --- bi-stable oscillator --- load resistance optimization --- frequency response analysis --- harmonic balance method --- piezoelectric --- piezoelectric ceramic --- lead zirconate titanate (PZT) --- polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) --- efficiency --- efficiency measurement --- power conversion --- power flow --- vibrations --- analytical model --- beam model --- equivalent model --- power prediction --- Structural Health Monitoring --- damage detection --- macro fiber composites (MFC) --- damage sensitive feature --- finite element method (FEM) --- vibration energy-harvesting system --- hysteretic effect --- bistable oscillator --- bifurcation --- train --- electromagnetic transducer --- model --- test --- wireless sensor --- SMART materials --- magnetostriction --- Terfenol-D --- smart materials --- wireless sensors --- ultrasonic system --- energy harvester --- electromagnetic --- real vibration --- nonlinearities --- piezoelectric energy harvesting --- triboelectric energy harvesting --- low-frequency vibration energy harvesting --- direct-force generator --- vibration --- frequency-up conversion --- PVDF patches --- structural health monitoring --- sensing --- energy harvesting --- pipe leak detection --- computational fluid dynamics --- optimum sensor distribution --- electromagnetic energy harvester --- bi-stable oscillator --- load resistance optimization --- frequency response analysis --- harmonic balance method --- piezoelectric --- piezoelectric ceramic --- lead zirconate titanate (PZT) --- polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) --- efficiency --- efficiency measurement --- power conversion --- power flow --- vibrations --- analytical model --- beam model --- equivalent model --- power prediction --- Structural Health Monitoring --- damage detection --- macro fiber composites (MFC) --- damage sensitive feature --- finite element method (FEM) --- vibration energy-harvesting system --- hysteretic effect --- bistable oscillator --- bifurcation --- train --- electromagnetic transducer --- model --- test --- wireless sensor --- SMART materials --- magnetostriction --- Terfenol-D --- smart materials --- wireless sensors --- ultrasonic system

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This book discusses the latest developments in the surface engineering of C/N/O functionalized materials, including both experimental and theoretical studies on heat treatment and surface engineering of metals, ceramics, and polymers.

Research & information: general --- Technology: general issues --- distribution of characteristic times --- electrical conductivity relaxation --- surface exchange coefficient --- bulk diffusion coefficient --- pressureless sintering --- boron carbide --- transition metal oxide --- multiphase ceramics --- solid oxide fuel cells --- oxygen reduction electrode --- electrocatalytic activity --- duplex surface engineering --- decarburization --- carburization --- plasma nitriding --- nitriding kinetics --- proton-conducting oxide --- LaNbO4 --- NiO --- sintering --- theoretical calculations --- basalt fibers --- composites --- mechanical properties --- surface engineering --- polylactic acid --- polyethylene glycol --- electrospinning --- heat-not-burn tobacco --- cooling performance --- TA2 alloy --- cold-rolling deformation --- recrystallization --- low-temperature nitriding --- microstructure --- 3Cr13 steel --- microhardness --- corrosion resistance --- 38CrMoAl steel --- modified layer --- nanomaterials --- PVDF --- piezoelectric performance