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In September 2009 Russia's Dmitrii Medvedev unveiled the term that was to become the defining objective of his presidency: 'modernization.' Leaving office in the spring of 2012 it was apparent that no serious changes of this kind had taken place, and popular resistance was mounting. Why so? And why has resistance to reform been so significant in postcommunist Russia, not just in this but in other cases as well? The various contributors to this book, drawn from a group of intellectuals who have shaped the discussion in Russia itself as well as leading scholars from other countries, focus on the contested nature of the concept of modernization and the obstacles that arose in attempting to carry it into practical effect - obstacles that leave a challenging agenda for a new Russian presidency in the years to come.

Democratization --- Russia (Federation) --- Politics and government --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / Government / National --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / Government / General --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / Political Process / Leadership --- #SBIB:328H262 --- Instellingen en beleid: Rusland en het GOS --- Democratization - Russia (Federation) --- Russia (Federation) - Politics and government - 1991 --- -Democratization

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"The European region - especially given the existence of the European Union (EU) - necessarily encompasses multiple levels of public diplomacy: subnational, national, transnational, and supranational. But do the various aspects of Europe's multi-leveled public diplomacy form a coherent overall image, or do they work against each other to some extent? European Public Diplomacy: Soft Power at Work pushes the literature on public diplomacy forward through a multifaceted exploration of the European case. In so doing, it fills an important gap in the international relations literature on the mechanisms behind soft power"--

Diplomatie --- Pays de l'Union européenne --- Relations extérieures --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / International Relations / General. --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / International Relations / Diplomacy. --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / Political Process / Leadership. --- #SBIB:327.7H233 --- #SBIB:327.6H00 --- Europese Unie: externe relaties, buitenlands- en defensiebeleid (ook WEU) --- Internationale en diplomatieke relaties: algemeen --- European Union countries --- EU countries --- Euroland --- Europe --- Foreign relations. --- Foreign public opinion. --- #SBIB:327.6H00Europese Unie: externe relaties, buitenlands- en defensiebeleid (ook WEU) --- Internationale en diplomatieke relaties: algemeenEuropean Union countries --- EuropeForeign relations. --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / International Relations / Diplomacy --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / International Relations / General --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / Political Process / Leadership --- Relations extérieures

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For decades the European Union tried changing its institutions, but achieved only unsatisfying political compromises and modest, incremental treaty revisions. In late 2009, however, the EU was successfully reformed through the Treaty of Lisbon. Reforming the European Union examines how political leaders ratified this treaty against all odds and shows how this victory involved all stages of treaty reform negotiations--from the initial proposal to referendums in several European countries. The authors emphasize the strategic role of political leadership and domestic politics, and they use state-of-the-art methodology, applying a comprehensive data set for actors' reform preferences. They look at how political leaders reacted to apparent failures of the process by recreating or changing the rules of the game. While domestic actors played a significant role in the process, their influence over the outcome was limited as leaders ignored negative referendums and plowed ahead with intended reforms. The book's empirical analyses shed light on critical episodes: strategic agenda setting during the European Convention, the choice of ratification instrument, intergovernmental bargaining dynamics, and the reaction of the German Council presidency to the negative referendums in France, the Netherlands, and Ireland.

HISTORY / Modern / 21st Century. --- HISTORY / Europe / General. --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / Political Process / Leadership. --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / International Relations / Diplomacy. --- Treaties --- Revision of treaties --- Treaties, Revision of --- Treaty revision --- Ratification of treaties --- Treaty ratification --- Ratification. --- Revision. --- European Union. --- E.U. --- Treaty on European Union --- European Union countries --- Politics and government. --- EU constitution. --- EU countries. --- EU. --- European Convention. --- European integration. --- German Presidency. --- Lisbon Treaty. --- Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe. --- Treaty of Lisbon. --- Treaty of Nice. --- Valry Giscard d'Estaing. --- agenda control. --- agenda setting. --- democratic deficit. --- demographic change. --- domestic parliaments. --- domestic politics. --- institutional arrangements. --- institutional reform. --- intergovernmental bargaining. --- internal conflict. --- judiciary powers. --- negative referendums. --- political leaders. --- political parties. --- popular votes. --- principal-agent perspective. --- ratification instrument. --- reform crisis. --- social tension. --- veto players.