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The PI3Ks control many key functions in immune cells. PI3Ks phosphorylate PtdIns(4,5)P2 to yield PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. Initially, PI3K inhibitors such as Wortmannin, LY294002 and Rapamycin were used to establish a central role for Pi3K pathway in immune cells. Considerable progress in understanding the role of this pathway in cells of the immune system has been made in recent years, starting with analysis of various PI3K and Pten knockout mice and subsequently mTOR and Foxo knockout mice. Together, these experiments have revealed how PI3Ks control B cell and T cell development, T helper cell differentiation, regulatory T cell development and function, B cell and T cell trafficking, immunoglobulin class switching and much, much more. The PI3Kd inhibitor idelalisib has recently been approved for the treatment of B cell lymphoma. Clinical trials of other PI3K inhibitors in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases are also in progress. This is an opportune time to consider a Research Topic considering when what we have learned about the PI3K signalling module in lymphocyte biology and how this is making an impact on clinical immunology and haematology.

Immunologic diseases. --- B cell --- PI3K/AKT/mTOR --- Signal Transduction --- T cell --- PI3K pathway inhibitors

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Fucoidans are a group of fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides found in many species of brown seaweeds, with numerous bioactive properties. As a highly bioactive seaweed substance with many promising physiological activities, fucoidans have attracted attention from many industries all over the world. Even though fucoidans are a rich source of bioactive properties, the structural properties and bioactive mechanisms of fucoidans are poorly understood. Therefore, novel studies that either characterize the physical properties or biological activities of fucoidans will fill the knowledge gap between industrial applications and the scientific background of those applications. Both purified and partially purified fucoidans isolated from brown seaweeds present high potential as preventative and therapeutic agents against number of chronic diseases, due to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, neuroprotective, antiviral, antimicrobial, and anticoagulative properties. This Special Issue is aimed at presenting updated information on well-documented studies of the structural characterization and major biological actions relevant for medical, cosmeceutical, and pharmaceutical applications that fucoidans isolated from brown seaweed can offer.

Medicine --- fucoidan --- low-molecular-weight fucoidan --- adriamycin --- nephrotic syndrome --- psoriasis --- Traf3ip2 --- microbiota --- mucin --- IgA --- fucoidans --- extraction --- brown algae --- production --- bioactivities --- Sri Lankan algae --- anticancer --- sulfated polysaccharide --- Celluclast --- sargassum --- antioxidant --- Maldives --- Padina boryana --- zebrafish --- apoptosis --- DR4 --- mitochondrial pathway --- cancer --- metastasis --- epithelial mesenchymal transition --- nanoparticles --- Helicobacter pylori --- mozuku --- Cladosiphon okamuranus Tokida --- urinalysis --- fucose --- enzymatic purification --- age-related macular degeneration --- VEGF --- oxidative stress --- Laminaria digitata --- Fucus distichus subsp. evanescens --- Saccharina latissima --- retinal pigment epithelium --- ROS --- Phaeophyta --- carbohydrate --- UVB irradiation --- HaCaT cells --- sulfated heterosaccharide --- dopamine neurons apoptosis --- PI3K–Akt --- ascorbic acid --- anti-lung cancer --- human lung carcinoma A-549 cells --- hydrogen peroxide --- Sargassum crassifolium --- fucoidan from Ascophyllum nodosum --- postprandial hyperglycemia --- in vitro and in vivo evaluation --- SGLT1 --- chitosan --- fibroblast growth factor-2 --- polyelectrolyte multilayer --- infrared spectroscopy --- quartz crystal microbalance --- sulfated polysaccharides --- natural defenses --- phenolic metabolism --- phenylalanine ammonia-lyase --- n/a --- PI3K-Akt

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This ebook includes original research articles and reviews to update readers on the state of the art systems approach to not only discover novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for several cancer types, but also evaluate methodologies to map out important genomic signatures. In addition, therapeutic targets and drug repurposing have been emphasized for a variety of cancer types. In particular, new and established researchers who desire to learn about cancer systems biology and why it is possibly the leading front to a personalized medicine approach will enjoy reading this book.

Sestrin2 --- lung cancer --- knockdown --- cancer progression --- bioinformatics --- patient survival --- lung adenocarcinoma --- circulating miR-1246 --- glycosaminoglycan binding --- prognosis --- PI3K–Akt signaling pathways --- TargetScan --- UBE2C --- cancer systems biology --- experimental model systems --- next-generation sequencing --- single-cell sequencing --- patient-derived xenografts --- patient-derived organoids --- triple-negative breast cancer --- personalized medicine --- computational methods --- drug repurposing --- clinical trials --- cancer stem cells --- ETS --- Elk-1 --- stem cell --- microarray --- brain-tumor-initiating cell (BTIC) --- pancreatic cancer --- systems biology --- omics --- biomarker --- genomics --- transcriptomics --- proteomics --- metabolomics --- glycomics --- metagenomics --- Ets --- PEA3 --- Ets-1 --- glioma --- optical genome mapping --- solid tumors --- cancer genomics --- breast --- ovarian --- cancer --- TCGA --- non-small-cell lung cancer --- lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) --- lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) --- differential expression --- SNV --- CNV --- risk group --- signature --- survival --- renal cancers --- protein interactome --- diagnostic biomarker --- prognostic biomarker --- virtual screening --- docking --- acute myeloid leukemia --- Boolean model --- drug resistance --- network --- n/a --- PI3K-Akt signaling pathways

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The mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine/threonine kinase, is a central regulator for human physiological activity. Deregulated mTOR signaling is implicated in a variety of disorders, such as cancer, obesity, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. The papers published in this Special Issue summarize the current understanding of the mTOR pathway and its role in the regulation of tissue regeneration, regulatory T cell differentiation and function, and different types of cancer including hematologic malignancies, skin, prostate, breast, and head and neck cancer. The findings highlight that targeting mTOR pathway is a promising strategy to fight against certain human diseases.

mTOR --- histone deacetylase --- prostate cancer --- integrins --- adhesion --- invasion --- cell metabolism --- T cells --- Foxp3 --- Acute Lymphoblastic leukemia --- targeted therapy --- metabolism --- cell signalling --- mTOR signalling --- head and neck cancer --- mutant genes --- biomarkers --- targeted therapies --- clinical trials --- cancers --- inhibitors --- photodynamic therapy --- PI3K --- Akt --- skin cancers --- phytochemicals --- melanoma --- basal cell carcinoma --- squamous cell carcinoma --- Merkel cell carcinoma --- TNBC --- eribulin --- PI3K/AKT/mTOR --- everolimus --- combination --- synergy --- mTOR signaling --- tissue regeneration --- neuron --- muscle --- liver --- intestine --- hematologic malignancies --- regulatory T cells --- tumor

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The search for bioactive secondary metabolites from marine organisms has been an active area of research since the 1950s. The distinct biodiversity of the marine environment has afforded a vast array of unique secondary metabolites, many of which possess potent biological activities. This Special Issue of Marine Drugs will highlight recent bioactive marine natural product studies conducted by southern hemisphere scientists on an array of marine organisms.

Sinularia --- Alcyoniidae --- anticancer activity --- lobane --- cembrane --- diterpene --- conotoxins --- ShK toxin --- ion channels --- docking --- molecular dynamics --- potential of mean force --- free energy perturbation --- bioactivity --- biosynthesis --- brominated secondary metabolites --- choline ester --- indole --- sea cucumber --- viscera --- saponins --- mass spectrometry --- MALDI --- ESI --- HPCPC --- triterpene glycosides --- structure elucidation --- bioactive compounds --- marine invertebrate --- Echinodermata --- holothurian --- Cnemidocarpa stolonifera --- taurine amide --- PC3 cell line --- immunofluorescence assay --- thiaplidiaquinone --- Aplidium --- ascidian --- thiazinoquinone --- apoptosis --- Jurkat --- cytotoxicity --- malaria --- farnesyltransferase --- synthesis --- thiaplakortone --- regioisomer --- tricyclic --- natural product scaffold --- X-ray --- crystal --- Plasmodium falciparum --- antiplasmodial --- cephalostatin --- mandelalide --- methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus --- MRSA PK --- bisindole alkaloids --- salternamide A (SA) --- HIF-1α --- PI3K/Akt/mTOR --- p42/p44 MAPK --- STAT3 --- cell death