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Accounting for the astonishing developments in the field of Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology, this second edition has been updated and substantially expanded. Starting with the description of our home galaxy, the Milky Way, this cogently written textbook introduces the reader to the astronomy of galaxies, their structure, active galactic nuclei, evolution and large scale distribution in the Universe. After an extensive and thorough introduction to modern observational and theoretical cosmology, the focus turns to the formation of structures and astronomical objects in the early Universe. The basics of classical astronomy and stellar astrophysics needed for extragalactic astronomy are provided in the appendix. The new edition incorporates some of the most spectacular results from new observatories like the Galaxy Evolution Explorer, Herschel, ALMA, WMAP and Planck, as well as new instruments and multi-wavelength campaigns which have expanded our understanding of the Universe and the objects populating it. This includes new views on the galaxy population in the nearby Universe, on elliptical galaxies, as well as a deeper view of the distant Universe approaching the dark ages, and an unprecedented view of the distant dusty Universe. Schneider also discusses the impressive support for the standard model of the Universe, which has been substantially strengthened by recent results, including baryon acoustic oscillations (an approach which has significantly matured over the years), results from the completed WMAP mission and from the first Planck results, which have confirmed and greatly improved on these findings, not least by measuring the gravitational lensing effect on the microwave background. Further, a new chapter focusing on galaxy evolution illustrates how well the observations of distant galaxies and their central supermassive black holes can be understood in a general framework of theoretical ideas, models, and numerical simulations. Peter Schneider’s Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology offers fundamental information on this fascinating subfield of astronomy, while leading readers to the forefront of astronomical research. But it seeks to accomplish this not only with extensive textual information and insights; the author’s own passion for exploring the workings of the Universe, which can be seen in the text and the many supporting color illustrations, will further inspire the reader. While this book has grown out of introductory university courses on astronomy and astrophysics and includes a set of problems and solutions, it will not only benefit undergraduate students and lecturers; thanks to the comprehensive coverage of the field, even graduate students and researchers specializing in related fields will appreciate it as a valuable reference work. Peter Schneider’s Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology offers fundamental information on this fascinating subfield of astronomy, while leading readers to the forefront of astronomical research. But it seeks to accomplish this not only with extensive textual information and insights; the author’s own passion for exploring the workings of the Universe, which can be seen in the text and the many supporting color illustrations, will further inspire the reader. While this book has grown out of introductory university courses on astronomy and astrophysics and includes a set of problems and solutions, it will not only benefit undergraduate students and lecturers; thanks to the comprehensive coverage of the field, even graduate students and researchers specializing in related fields will appreciate it as a valuable reference work. From the reviews of the first edition: "...Masterful blending of observation and theory; lucid exposition... (D. E. Hogg, CHOICE, Vol. 44 (10), June, 2007)" "Through the richness of the color illustrations and through the deep insight of the content, the book will most certainly lead the reader to the forefront of astronomical research in this very interesting and fascinating domain of astronomy. … will not only be highly appreciated by undergraduate students in astronomy but also by graduate students and researchers involved in the field who will certainly appreciate its comprehensive coverage. (Emile Biémont, Physicalia Magazine, Vol. 29 (4), 2007)".

Physics. --- Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology. --- Astronomy. --- Physique --- Astronomie --- Astronomy & Astrophysics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Astronomy - General --- Astrophysics --- Astrophysics. --- Cosmology. --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- (BISAC Subject Heading)SCI004000. --- (BIC Subject Heading)PGC. --- (Produktform)Paperback / softback.

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ROS were long considered one of the key players in tissue injury. Indeed, overproduction of ROS results in oxidative stress, a process leading to the development of many pathological conditions. For the treatment of these conditions, the use of antioxidants was proposed. Over time, it was shown that ROS at low concentrations act as signaling molecules, leading to the regulation of physiological functions. Moreover, several interventions that increase ROS generation activate stress-adaptive responses that extend the lifespan. It was also shown that excessive use of antioxidants can counter the beneficial effects of ROS. Currently, much progress has been made in understanding the role of ROS in human diseases and aging, as well as in the regulation of physiological functions, and in identifying the signaling pathways involved in ROS. However, much remains to be understood about the mutual interactions among signaling pathways underlying organisms’ adaptive responses, their modifications (which occur during aging), and some disease states. The aim of this Special Issue is to underline the effects of ROS production and antioxidant treatment in living organisms, focusing on their impact on health, disease, and aging.

CTCL --- apoptosis --- cell viability --- c-FLIP --- XIAP --- artemisinin --- SH-SY5Y cells --- hippocampal neurons --- H2O2 --- AMPK pathway --- atherosclerosis --- sphingomyelin synthase 2 --- endothelial dysfunction --- endoplasmic reticulum stress --- β-catenin --- insulin resistance --- cancer --- cardiovascular disease --- neurodegenerative disorders --- exercise --- mitochondria --- oxidative stress --- PGC-1 --- Nrf2 --- UCPs --- ROS --- light --- DNA damage --- evolution --- D-box --- cavefish --- Spalax --- trimethylamine N-oxide --- cardiomyocytes --- cardiotoxicity --- mitochondrial membrane potential --- CORM-2 --- NADPH oxidase --- AP-1 --- HO-1 --- Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- glutathione (GSH) metabolism --- cancer therapy --- clear cell RCC --- papillary RCC --- chromophobe RCC --- sarcopenia --- reactive oxygen species --- redox signaling --- antioxidant supplementation --- protein aggregation --- redox --- proteinopathy --- peroxiredoxins --- tumorigenesis --- ROS scavengers --- n/a

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The book “Protective and Detrimental Role of Heme Oxygenase-1”, includes a selection of original research papers and reviews aimed at understanding the dual role (protective and detrimental) of HO-1 and the involved signaling pathways. Original research papers and reviews aimed at the identification of natural molecules or new synthetic compounds able to modulate HO-1 activity/expression help make HO-1 a potential therapeutic target for the amelioration of various diseases.

coronary artery disease --- n/a --- glucocorticoid receptor --- antigen presentation --- analgesia --- chemotherapy --- locus coeruleus --- Sirtuin 1 --- thiol groups --- Heme Oxygenase-1 --- Betula etnensis Raf. --- heme oxygenase 1 --- tolerance --- heme oxygenase --- atherosclerosis --- nitric oxide --- caloric restriction --- liver --- carbon monoxide --- ER stress --- heme oxygenase-1 --- mineralocorticoid receptor --- Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) --- Gamma-Glutamyl-Cysteine Ligase (GGCL) --- angiotensin II --- bilirubin --- Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inducers --- Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) --- HO-1 activity inhibitor --- ferroptosis --- Myristica fragrans kernels --- glutathione --- high-pressure gas --- apoptosis --- HO-1 --- diabetes mellitus --- Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) --- carotid plaque --- ischemia–reperfusion injury --- ANTIGEN presenting cell --- LPS --- endoplasmic reticulum stress --- hemoglobin --- Pancreatic oxidative damage --- Colon cancer --- inflammation --- reactive oxygen species --- inflammatory pain --- paracetamol --- cardiomyopathy --- heme oxigenase-1 --- adipocytes --- sirtuin 1 --- peripheral artery disease --- PGC-1? --- heme --- Reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- metformin --- GR --- prostate cancer --- NF-?B --- hyperbilirubinemia --- iron --- Tet-ON system --- lung preservation --- oxidative stress --- Gunn rats --- Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-1 (DDAH-1) --- ischemia-reperfusion injury

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This reprint combines recent original manuscripts and reviews covering the multiple functions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in physiology and pathophysiology. Potential applications and limitations of PPAR agonists and antagonists are discussed. All original contributions were published in Cells.

peroxisome-proliferator activated receptors --- tumor angiogenesis --- tumor progression --- metastasis formation --- endothelial cells --- RNA sequencing --- PPARs --- toxicology --- pharmacology --- ligand --- vascular --- coronary artery --- lipidomics --- eicosanoids --- inflammation --- CYP450 --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor --- angiogenesis --- proliferation --- metastasis --- immortality --- resistance to cell death --- growth suppressors --- immune system --- cellular metabolism --- PPAR --- nuclear receptors --- addiction --- alcohol --- nicotine --- opioids --- psychostimulants --- animal models --- human studies --- Alzheimer’s --- risk factors --- PPARα --- lipids --- fatty acids --- modulators --- cognition --- sex --- therapy --- hypertrophic adipocytes --- PPARG isoforms --- PPARG splicing --- dominant-negative isoform --- in vitro adipocytes --- adipogenesis --- hypertrophic obesity --- insulin-resistance --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) --- synthetic agonists --- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) --- non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) --- fibrosis --- Sirtuin1 --- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α --- peroxisome proliferator activated receptors --- obesity --- metabolic syndrome --- vitamin B12 --- folate --- fetal programming --- inherited metabolic disorders --- PGC-1α, disease --- kidney --- cancer --- AKI --- CKD --- nephron --- PKD --- cilia --- cystogenesis --- ligands --- Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

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This book collects 17 original research papers and 9 reviews that are part of the Special Issue “Cellular Oxidative Stress”, published in the journal Antioxidants. Oxidative stress on a cellular level affects the function of tissues and organs and may eventually lead to disease. Therefore, a precise understanding of how oxidative stress develops and can be counteracted is of utmost importance. The scope of the book is to emphasize the latest findings on the cellular targets of oxidative stress and the potential beneficial effect of antioxidants on human health.

Medicine --- neuroinflammation --- clinical --- palmitoylethanolamide --- luteolin --- co-ultramicronization --- CNS pathology --- adaptive immune response --- cell homeostasis --- legumes --- liver --- hepatic steatosis --- lipid dyshomeostasis --- ROS --- traumatic brain injury --- palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) --- therapeutic strategies --- oxidative stress. --- RNA-Seq --- RPE --- Retinitis pigmentosa --- A2E --- diabetes --- glucose exposure --- oxidative stress --- Band 3 protein --- erythrocytes --- SO42− --- 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal --- 3-glutathionyl-4-hydroxynonanal --- astrocytoma cells --- soy --- soybeans --- soy foods --- antioxidants --- reactive oxygen species --- cardiovascular diseases --- cancer --- paw edema --- cashew nuts --- antioxidant --- inflammation --- polyphenols --- analgesic --- d-Galactose --- glycation --- SO42− uptake --- anion exchange --- diseases --- immune system --- NF-κB --- cigarette smoke extract --- nasal fibroblasts --- tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases --- matrix metalloproteinase --- steroids --- Plasmodium falciparum --- syk kinase inhibitors --- artemisinin derivatives --- hemichromes --- cellular redox state --- mitochondrial function --- cisplatin nephrotoxicity --- acute pancreatitis --- obesity --- nitrosative stress --- PGC-1α --- microparticles --- vesiculation --- band 3 --- tert-Bytyl hydroperoxide t-BOOH --- nitric oxide donor --- calcium ionophore A23187 --- age-related macular degeneration (AMD) --- diet --- Substance-P --- adipose-derived stem cells --- paracrine factors --- epilepsy --- status epilepticus --- Trolox --- HeLa --- prooxidant --- AVD --- apoptosis --- neurodegeneration --- ncRNA --- miRNA --- tRNA fragments --- lncRNA --- circRNA --- preeclampsia --- hemostasis --- platelets --- coagulation --- fish --- mucosal immunity --- nasal immunity --- peroxide --- vitamin C --- NAC --- immunosenescence --- T cells --- vaccination --- aging --- microvascular permeability --- bradykinin --- interleukin 1β --- NADPH oxidase --- simvastatin --- molecular hydrogen --- autophagy --- matrix metalloproteinases --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- phytochemicals --- dietary chemicals --- natural compounds --- programmed cell death --- anoikis --- ferroptosis --- pyroptosis --- n/a