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This is a review of the topic of fibrinolysis contributed by authors who are specialized in the clinical and basic studies of this topic. These include: the endothelial receptor of tissue plasminogen activator, by Dr. Katherine Hajjar; regulation of S100 by pml-rar-alpha oncoprotein, by Dr. O’Connell; receptor of urokinase type plasminogen activator, by Dr. M. Ploug et al.; tissue plasminogen activator induction in purjinjen neuron, by Dr. Seeds; fibrinolysis from the blood to the brain, by Dr. Robert Metcalf; tissue plasminogen activator induces the opening of the blood–brain barrier, by Dr. M. Yepes; fibrinolysis shutdown in trauma: a historical review and clinical application, by Drs. Hunter Moore and Ernest Moore; fibrinolysis in immunity, by Drs. K. Kolev and Robert Medcalf; the role of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, by Drs. M. Erin, A.E. Boe, and E.A. Klyachko; and finally, persistent fibrinolysis shutdown is associated with increased mortality in severely injured trauma patients, by J.P. Meizoso.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- COVID-19 --- fibrinolysis --- renin-aldosterone-angiotensin-system (RAAS) --- plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) --- urokinase plasminogen activator --- urokinase plasminogen activator receptor --- plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 --- acute lung injury and repair and pleural injury and pleural organization --- PAI-1 --- cardiovascular disease --- cancer --- inflammation --- fibrosis --- aging --- obstructive sleep apnoea --- OSA --- coagulation --- platelets --- brown adipose tissue --- obesity --- plasminogen activation --- immune response --- thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor --- TAFI --- proCPU --- proCPB --- proCPR --- carboxypeptidase --- uPA --- uPAR --- PA system --- tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) --- urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) --- neurodegeneration --- thrombin --- shear --- clot retraction --- Factor XIII --- clot stability --- NETs --- plasmin --- plasminogen activator --- PAI-2 --- antiplasmin

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This is a review of the topic of fibrinolysis contributed by authors who are specialized in the clinical and basic studies of this topic. These include: the endothelial receptor of tissue plasminogen activator, by Dr. Katherine Hajjar; regulation of S100 by pml-rar-alpha oncoprotein, by Dr. O’Connell; receptor of urokinase type plasminogen activator, by Dr. M. Ploug et al.; tissue plasminogen activator induction in purjinjen neuron, by Dr. Seeds; fibrinolysis from the blood to the brain, by Dr. Robert Metcalf; tissue plasminogen activator induces the opening of the blood–brain barrier, by Dr. M. Yepes; fibrinolysis shutdown in trauma: a historical review and clinical application, by Drs. Hunter Moore and Ernest Moore; fibrinolysis in immunity, by Drs. K. Kolev and Robert Medcalf; the role of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, by Drs. M. Erin, A.E. Boe, and E.A. Klyachko; and finally, persistent fibrinolysis shutdown is associated with increased mortality in severely injured trauma patients, by J.P. Meizoso.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- COVID-19 --- fibrinolysis --- renin-aldosterone-angiotensin-system (RAAS) --- plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) --- urokinase plasminogen activator --- urokinase plasminogen activator receptor --- plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 --- acute lung injury and repair and pleural injury and pleural organization --- PAI-1 --- cardiovascular disease --- cancer --- inflammation --- fibrosis --- aging --- obstructive sleep apnoea --- OSA --- coagulation --- platelets --- brown adipose tissue --- obesity --- plasminogen activation --- immune response --- thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor --- TAFI --- proCPU --- proCPB --- proCPR --- carboxypeptidase --- uPA --- uPAR --- PA system --- tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) --- urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) --- neurodegeneration --- thrombin --- shear --- clot retraction --- Factor XIII --- clot stability --- NETs --- plasmin --- plasminogen activator --- PAI-2 --- antiplasmin --- COVID-19 --- fibrinolysis --- renin-aldosterone-angiotensin-system (RAAS) --- plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) --- urokinase plasminogen activator --- urokinase plasminogen activator receptor --- plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 --- acute lung injury and repair and pleural injury and pleural organization --- PAI-1 --- cardiovascular disease --- cancer --- inflammation --- fibrosis --- aging --- obstructive sleep apnoea --- OSA --- coagulation --- platelets --- brown adipose tissue --- obesity --- plasminogen activation --- immune response --- thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor --- TAFI --- proCPU --- proCPB --- proCPR --- carboxypeptidase --- uPA --- uPAR --- PA system --- tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) --- urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) --- neurodegeneration --- thrombin --- shear --- clot retraction --- Factor XIII --- clot stability --- NETs --- plasmin --- plasminogen activator --- PAI-2 --- antiplasmin

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In this book, we present a compilation of original research articles as well as review articles that are focused on improving our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which cancer cells adapt to their microenvironment. These include the interplay between cancer cells and the surrounding microenvironmental cells (e.g., macrophages, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and myeloid cells) and microenvironmental environments (e.g., oxidative stress, pH, hypoxia) and the implications of this dynamic interaction to tumor radioresistance, chemoresistance, invasion and metastasis. Finally, the importance and relevance of these findings are translated to cancer therapy.

Medicine --- hypoxia --- macrophages --- colon cancer --- tumor microenvironment --- immune cell infiltration --- prognosis --- feline mammary carcinoma --- PD-1 --- PD-L1 --- CTLA-4 --- TNF-α --- biomarkers --- immunotherapy --- cancer --- histone modification --- inhibitor --- KDM5B --- molecular docking --- repurposing --- cancer acidity --- hyperosmolarity --- cross-presentation --- tumour microenvironment --- syngeneic model --- prostate cancer --- radiotherapy --- preclinical modelling --- myeloid-derived suppressor cells --- biomarker --- stroma --- cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) --- extracellular matrix (ECM) --- cytokine/chemokine --- growth factors --- pro- and anti-tumor immune cells --- immunomodulatory roles --- radiotherapy dose fractionation --- radioresistance --- radiosensitivity --- breast cancer --- S100A10 (p11) --- tumor growth --- tumor progression --- metastasis --- carcinoma --- mammary gland --- triple negative --- pre-metastatic niche --- pro-inflammatory cytokines --- clinical trials --- evolutionary therapy --- darwinian evolution --- cancer cells subpopulations --- diclofenac --- koningic acid --- spheroid --- 3D co-culture --- microenvironment --- resistance --- myeloid cells --- cancer development --- molecular subtypes of pancreatic cancer --- chemotherapy response --- pancreatic stellate cells --- regulatory T cells --- tumor-associated macrophages --- myeloid derived suppressor cells --- glioblastoma (GB) --- Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) --- glioma stem cells (GSC) --- oxidative stress --- reactive oxygen species --- plasmin --- plasminogen --- S100A10 --- uPA --- uPAR --- PAI-1 --- PAI-2 --- cancer stem cells --- cancer recurrence --- therapeutic resistance --- signaling pathways --- targeted therapy --- head and neck cancer --- lung cancer --- bladder cancer --- hypoxia --- macrophages --- colon cancer --- tumor microenvironment --- immune cell infiltration --- prognosis --- feline mammary carcinoma --- PD-1 --- PD-L1 --- CTLA-4 --- TNF-α --- biomarkers --- immunotherapy --- cancer --- histone modification --- inhibitor --- KDM5B --- molecular docking --- repurposing --- cancer acidity --- hyperosmolarity --- cross-presentation --- tumour microenvironment --- syngeneic model --- prostate cancer --- radiotherapy --- preclinical modelling --- myeloid-derived suppressor cells --- biomarker --- stroma --- cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) --- extracellular matrix (ECM) --- cytokine/chemokine --- growth factors --- pro- and anti-tumor immune cells --- immunomodulatory roles --- radiotherapy dose fractionation --- radioresistance --- radiosensitivity --- breast cancer --- S100A10 (p11) --- tumor growth --- tumor progression --- metastasis --- carcinoma --- mammary gland --- triple negative --- pre-metastatic niche --- pro-inflammatory cytokines --- clinical trials --- evolutionary therapy --- darwinian evolution --- cancer cells subpopulations --- diclofenac --- koningic acid --- spheroid --- 3D co-culture --- microenvironment --- resistance --- myeloid cells --- cancer development --- molecular subtypes of pancreatic cancer --- chemotherapy response --- pancreatic stellate cells --- regulatory T cells --- tumor-associated macrophages --- myeloid derived suppressor cells --- glioblastoma (GB) --- Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) --- glioma stem cells (GSC) --- oxidative stress --- reactive oxygen species --- plasmin --- plasminogen --- S100A10 --- uPA --- uPAR --- PAI-1 --- PAI-2 --- cancer stem cells --- cancer recurrence --- therapeutic resistance --- signaling pathways --- targeted therapy --- head and neck cancer --- lung cancer --- bladder cancer

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The use of lipid-based nanosystems, including lipid nanoparticles (solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC)), nanoemulsions, and liposomes, among others, is widespread. Several researchers have described the advantages of different applications of these nanosystems. For instance, they can increase the targeting and bioavailability of drugs, improving therapeutic effects. Their use in the cosmetic field is also promising, owing to their moisturizing properties and ability to protect labile cosmetic actives. Thus, it is surprising that only a few lipid-based nanosystems have reached the market. This can be explained by the strict regulatory requirements of medicines and the occurrence of unexpected in vivo failure, which highlights the need to conduct more preclinical studies.Current research is focused on testing the in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo efficacy of lipid-based nanosystems to predict their clinical performance. However, there is a lack of method validation, which compromises the comparison between different studies.This book brings together the latest research and reviews that report on in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo preclinical studies using lipid-based nanosystems. Readers can find up-to-date information on the most common experiments performed to predict the clinical behavior of lipid-based nanosystems. A series of 15 research articles and a review are presented, with authors from 15 different countries, which demonstrates the universality of the investigations that have been carried out in this area.

Technology: general issues --- nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) --- formulation optimization --- rivastigmine --- quality by design (QbD) --- nasal route --- nose-to-brain --- N-alkylisatin --- liposome --- urokinase plasminogen activator --- PAI-2 --- SerpinB2 --- breast cancer --- liposomes --- target delivery nanosystem --- FZD10 protein --- colon cancer therapy --- supersaturation --- silica-lipid hybrid --- spray drying --- lipolysis --- lipid-based formulation --- fenofibrate --- mesoporous silica --- oral drug delivery --- hyaluronic acid --- drug release --- light activation --- stability --- mobility --- biocorona --- dissolution enhancement --- phospholipids --- solid dosage forms --- porous microparticles --- nanoemulsion(s) --- phase-behavior --- DoE --- D-optimal design --- vegetable oils --- non-ionic surfactants --- efavirenz --- flaxseed oil --- nanostructured lipid carriers --- nanocarrier --- docohexaenoic acid --- neuroprotection --- neuroinflammation --- fluconazole --- Box‒Behnken design --- nanotransfersome --- ulcer index --- zone of inhibition --- rheological behavior --- ex vivo permeation --- nanomedicine --- cancer --- doxorubicin --- melanoma --- drug delivery --- ultrasound contrast agents --- phospholipid coating --- ligand distribution --- cholesterol --- acoustic response --- microbubble --- lipid phase --- dialysis --- ammonia --- intoxication --- cyanocobalamin --- vitamin B12 --- atopic dermatitis --- psoriasis --- transferosomes --- lipid vesicles --- skin topical delivery --- oligonucleotide --- self-emulsifying drug delivery systems --- hydrophobic ion pairing --- intestinal permeation enhancers --- Caco-2 monolayer --- clarithromycin --- solid lipid nanoparticles --- optimization --- permeation --- pharmacokinetics --- follicular targeting --- dexamethasone --- alopecia areata --- lipomers --- lipid polymer hybrid nanocapsules --- biodistribution --- skin --- ethyl cellulose --- n/a

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In this book, we present a compilation of original research articles as well as review articles that are focused on improving our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which cancer cells adapt to their microenvironment. These include the interplay between cancer cells and the surrounding microenvironmental cells (e.g., macrophages, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and myeloid cells) and microenvironmental environments (e.g., oxidative stress, pH, hypoxia) and the implications of this dynamic interaction to tumor radioresistance, chemoresistance, invasion and metastasis. Finally, the importance and relevance of these findings are translated to cancer therapy.

hypoxia --- macrophages --- colon cancer --- tumor microenvironment --- immune cell infiltration --- prognosis --- feline mammary carcinoma --- PD-1 --- PD-L1 --- CTLA-4 --- TNF-α --- biomarkers --- immunotherapy --- cancer --- histone modification --- inhibitor --- KDM5B --- molecular docking --- repurposing --- cancer acidity --- hyperosmolarity --- cross-presentation --- tumour microenvironment --- syngeneic model --- prostate cancer --- radiotherapy --- preclinical modelling --- myeloid-derived suppressor cells --- biomarker --- stroma --- cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) --- extracellular matrix (ECM) --- cytokine/chemokine --- growth factors --- pro- and anti-tumor immune cells --- immunomodulatory roles --- radiotherapy dose fractionation --- radioresistance --- radiosensitivity --- breast cancer --- S100A10 (p11) --- tumor growth --- tumor progression --- metastasis --- carcinoma --- mammary gland --- triple negative --- pre-metastatic niche --- pro-inflammatory cytokines --- clinical trials --- evolutionary therapy --- darwinian evolution --- cancer cells subpopulations --- diclofenac --- koningic acid --- spheroid --- 3D co-culture --- microenvironment --- resistance --- myeloid cells --- cancer development --- molecular subtypes of pancreatic cancer --- chemotherapy response --- pancreatic stellate cells --- regulatory T cells --- tumor-associated macrophages --- myeloid derived suppressor cells --- glioblastoma (GB) --- Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) --- glioma stem cells (GSC) --- oxidative stress --- reactive oxygen species --- plasmin --- plasminogen --- S100A10 --- uPA --- uPAR --- PAI-1 --- PAI-2 --- cancer stem cells --- cancer recurrence --- therapeutic resistance --- signaling pathways --- targeted therapy --- head and neck cancer --- lung cancer --- bladder cancer