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This paper explicitly takes into account the dynamic oligopolistic rivalry among source producers to evaluate the degree of exchange rate pass-through. Using recent time-series techniques for the case of imported automobiles in Switzerland, the results show that prices are strategic complements and that the degree of pass-through is lower in the long run than in the short run. We attribute this to the fact that, although some rivals match long-term price changes, others do not, inducing the producer who faces a change in exchange rate to absorb a greater proportion of the variation.
Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies --- Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- Automobiles --- Other Transportation Equipment --- Related Parts and Equipment --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Price Level --- Inflation --- Deflation --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Monetary economics --- Exchange rates --- Exchange rate pass-through --- Currencies --- Exchange rate adjustments --- Asset prices --- Money --- Prices --- Belgium
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This paper surveys the recent literature on the Japanese distribution system to consider two propositions: first, that the system is inefficient, and second that prices of imported products tend to be higher in Japan than in other markets. Most of the literature demonstrates that the system is efficient. However, the efficiency has not necessarily resulted in high social welfare as consumers have had limited access to various product lines or paid high prices for some products. This paper examines the distribution system in the automobile industry to promote understanding about the impacts of the system on price differentials.
Corporate Finance --- Exports and Imports --- Public Finance --- Industries: Automobile --- Firm Organization and Market Structure --- Retail and Wholesale Trade --- e-Commerce --- Trade: General --- Automobiles --- Other Transportation Equipment --- Related Parts and Equipment --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Multinational Firms --- International Business --- International economics --- Transport industries --- Public finance & taxation --- Multinationals --- Imports --- Automobile industry --- Public expenditure review --- Foreign corporations --- International trade --- Economic sectors --- Expenditure --- Automobile industry and trade --- Expenditures, Public --- Japan
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The choices we make in advance of the next financial crisis will have a major impact in determining the magnitude of the economic damage. Our vulnerability to crisis depends on the strength of the protections we build into the financial system through prudential regulation, as well as on the degrees of freedom we create for ourselves to respond to the unanticipated, and the knowledge and experience we bring in managing crises. Is the financial system safer today? With the reforms now in place and with the memory of the crisis still fresh, how confident should we feel about the resilience of the financial system and our ability to protect the US economy from a major financial crisis? Warburg Pincus President and former US Secretary of the Treasury Timothy Geithner attempts to answer these questions in his October 2016 Per Jacobsson Lecture.
Banks and Banking --- Finance: General --- Financial Risk Management --- Public Finance --- Industries: Automobile --- Macroeconomics --- Financial Crises --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Automobiles --- Other Transportation Equipment --- Related Parts and Equipment --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Banking --- Finance --- Public finance & taxation --- Transport industries --- Financial crises --- Moral hazard --- Financial sector stability --- Lender of last resort --- Financial sector policy and analysis --- Systemic crises --- Banks and banking --- Financial risk management --- Financial services industry --- Expenditures, Public --- Banks and banking, Central --- United States
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Sustaining the impressive convergence gains allowed by the Czech automotive sector has become challenging due to its comparatively lower value added, lower investments in research and development, and lower skills in the labor market. Using a structural model of global value chains, the paper examines policies to smooth the transition to the production of electric vehicles in Czechia. The analysis explores the impacts of increasing labor productivity, boosting production capabilities, and moving up the global value chain. These policies were found to have a relatively lower impact when they shift specialization towards lower value-added stages of production.
Money and Monetary Policy --- International Economics --- Globalization --- Labor --- Production and Operations Management --- Macroeconomics --- Monetary Policy --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Organizations --- Investment --- Capital --- Intangible Capital --- Capacity --- Multinational Firms --- International Business --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- Automobiles --- Other Transportation Equipment --- Related Parts and Equipment --- Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change --- Industrial Price Indices --- Quantitative Policy Modeling --- Globalization: General --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Labor Economics: General --- Professional Labor Markets --- Occupational Licensing --- Monetary economics --- International institutions --- Labour --- income economics --- Monetary policy --- International organization --- Global value chains --- Labor productivity --- Production --- Skilled labor --- International agencies --- Economic theory --- Labor economics --- Labor market --- Czech Republic
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The auto sector is macro-critical in many European countries and constitutes one of the main supply chains in the region. Using a multi-sector and multi-country general equilibrium model, this paper presents a quantitative assessment of the impact of global pandemic-induced labor supply shocks—both directly and via supply chains—during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic on the auto sector and aggregate activity in Europe. Our results suggest that these labor supply shocks would have a significant adverse impact on the major auto producers in Europe, with one-third of the decline in the value added of the car sector attributable to spillovers via supply chains within and across borders. Within borders, the pandemic-induced labor supply shocks in the services sector have a bigger adverse impact, reflecting their larger size and associated demand effects. Across borders, spillovers from the pandemic-induced labor supply shocks that originate in other European countries are larger than those that originate outside the region, though the latter are still sizable.
Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Labor --- Economic Theory --- Diseases: Contagious --- Industries: Automobile --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Agriculture: Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis --- Prices --- Externalities --- Health Behavior --- Automobiles --- Other Transportation Equipment --- Related Parts and Equipment --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Labour --- income economics --- Economic theory & philosophy --- Infectious & contagious diseases --- Transport industries --- Labor supply --- Supply shocks --- Economic theory --- Spillovers --- Financial sector policy and analysis --- COVID-19 --- Health --- Automobile industry --- Economic sectors --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Labor market --- Supply and demand --- International finance --- Communicable diseases --- Automobile industry and trade --- Slovak Republic
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Reducing transport sector emissions is an important pillar of the green transition. However, the transition to electric vehicles (EV) portends major changes in vehicle manufacturing activity, on which many livelihoods in Europe depend. Using the heterogeneity across European countries in the speed of transition to EV production and variation in sectoral and regional exposure to the automotive sector, this paper offers early evidence of the labor market implications of the EV transition. Our results suggest that the transformation of the auto sector is already having an adverse impact on employment in the affected sectors and regions, which can be expected to grow at least in the near term. Many of the affected workers will be able to retire and our analysis suggests that those who will have to transition to new “greener” jobs have a fair chance to do so when compared to other workers in the manufacturing sector. Furthermore, we find evidence that active labor market policies, specifically training, can help to reduce the adjustment costs for the affected workers.
Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Labor --- Exports and Imports --- Industries: Automobile --- Environmental Conservation and Protection --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Pollution Control Adoption and Costs • Distributional Effects • Employment Effects --- Trade: General --- Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies: General --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Automobiles --- Other Transportation Equipment --- Related Parts and Equipment --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Labour --- income economics --- International economics --- Transport industries --- Climate change --- Exports --- International trade --- Employment rate --- Labor markets --- Automobile industry --- Economic sectors --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Economic theory --- Labor market --- Automobile industry and trade --- Climatic changes
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The auto sector is macro-critical in many European countries and constitutes one of the main supply chains in the region. Using a multi-sector and multi-country general equilibrium model, this paper presents a quantitative assessment of the impact of global pandemic-induced labor supply shocks—both directly and via supply chains—during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic on the auto sector and aggregate activity in Europe. Our results suggest that these labor supply shocks would have a significant adverse impact on the major auto producers in Europe, with one-third of the decline in the value added of the car sector attributable to spillovers via supply chains within and across borders. Within borders, the pandemic-induced labor supply shocks in the services sector have a bigger adverse impact, reflecting their larger size and associated demand effects. Across borders, spillovers from the pandemic-induced labor supply shocks that originate in other European countries are larger than those that originate outside the region, though the latter are still sizable.
Slovak Republic --- Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Labor --- Economic Theory --- Diseases: Contagious --- Industries: Automobile --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Agriculture: Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis --- Prices --- Externalities --- Health Behavior --- Automobiles --- Other Transportation Equipment --- Related Parts and Equipment --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Labour --- income economics --- Economic theory & philosophy --- Infectious & contagious diseases --- Transport industries --- Labor supply --- Supply shocks --- Economic theory --- Spillovers --- Financial sector policy and analysis --- COVID-19 --- Health --- Automobile industry --- Economic sectors --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Labor market --- Supply and demand --- International finance --- Communicable diseases --- Automobile industry and trade
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Sustaining the impressive convergence gains allowed by the Czech automotive sector has become challenging due to its comparatively lower value added, lower investments in research and development, and lower skills in the labor market. Using a structural model of global value chains, the paper examines policies to smooth the transition to the production of electric vehicles in Czechia. The analysis explores the impacts of increasing labor productivity, boosting production capabilities, and moving up the global value chain. These policies were found to have a relatively lower impact when they shift specialization towards lower value-added stages of production.
Czech Republic --- Money and Monetary Policy --- International Economics --- Globalization --- Labor --- Production and Operations Management --- Macroeconomics --- Monetary Policy --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Organizations --- Investment --- Capital --- Intangible Capital --- Capacity --- Multinational Firms --- International Business --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- Automobiles --- Other Transportation Equipment --- Related Parts and Equipment --- Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change --- Industrial Price Indices --- Quantitative Policy Modeling --- Globalization: General --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Labor Economics: General --- Professional Labor Markets --- Occupational Licensing --- Monetary economics --- International institutions --- Labour --- income economics --- Monetary policy --- International organization --- Global value chains --- Labor productivity --- Production --- Skilled labor --- International agencies --- Economic theory --- Labor economics --- Labor market
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