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Orthomyxoviridae Infections --- Orthomyxoviridae

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This book provides salient information on all aspects of influenza/flu viruses affecting animals and humans. It specifically reviews the properties and replication of influenza viruses; their evolution and emergence; epidemiology; role of migratory birds in disease transmission; clinical signs in humans, animals, and poultry; pathogenesis and pathogenicity; public health importance and potential threats; diagnosis; prevention and control measures; and pandemic preparedness. Influenza/flu viruses evolve continuously and jump species causing epidemics as well as pandemics in both human and animals. During the past 150 years, various strains of influenza virus like the Spanish flu, Asian flu, Hong Kong flu, bird flu, and swine flu were responsible for high mortality in humans as well as birds. High mutation rates, antigenic shifts, drifts, reassortment phenomena, and the development of antiviral drug resistance all contribute to ineffective chemotherapy and vaccines against influenza viruses. Due to their devastating nature, high zoonotic implications, and high mortality in humans and poultry, they have a severe impact on the socioeconomic status of countries. Disease awareness, rapid and accurate diagnosis, surveillance, strict biosecurity, timely adoption of appropriate preventive and control measures, and pandemic preparedness are crucial to help in decreasing virus transmission, thus reducing clinical cases, deaths, and pandemic threats.

Influenza viruses --- Variation. --- Research. --- Orthomyxoviruses --- Variation (Biology) --- Microbiology. --- Medical virology. --- Emerging infectious diseases. --- Epidemiology. --- Zoology. --- Medical Microbiology. --- Virology. --- Infectious Diseases. --- Medical microbiology --- Virology --- Virus diseases --- Microbial biology --- Biology --- Microorganisms --- Natural history --- Animals --- Diseases --- Public health --- Emerging infections --- New infectious diseases --- Re-emerging infectious diseases --- Reemerging infectious diseases --- Communicable diseases --- Influenza A virus --- Orthomyxoviridae Infections --- classification --- pathogenicity --- epidemiology --- prevention & control --- Medical microbiology. --- Infectious diseases. --- Microbiology

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This volume provides a modern look on the age-old influenza infection and the preventive role of anti-influenza shots. Influenza pandemic outbreaks are unrelenting despite the growing understanding of the molecular basis of viral infection and its spreads. A leap in medical technologies has revolutionized the design of new influenza vaccines. The chapters cover vaccination strategies in various age-groups of people and provide the extensive amount of knowledge on the immune response to influenza vaccination in a spectrum of disease conditions.

Biomedicine. --- Immunology. --- Vaccine. --- Virology. --- Medicine/Public Health, general. --- Medicine. --- Vaccines. --- Medical virology. --- Médecine --- Immunologie --- Vaccins --- Virologie médicale --- Respiratory Tract Infections --- Orthomyxoviridae Infections --- Viral Vaccines --- Anatomy --- Internal Medicine --- RNA Virus Infections --- Respiratory Tract Diseases --- Vaccines --- Medicine --- Virus Diseases --- Health Occupations --- Diseases --- Biological Products --- Complex Mixtures --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Influenza Vaccines --- Pulmonary Medicine --- Influenza, Human --- Respiratory System --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Respiratory organs --- Immunity. --- Immunological tolerance. --- Diseases. --- Immune tolerance --- Tolerance, Immunological --- Respiratory diseases --- Microbiology --- Biologicals --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Immune response --- Immunology --- Histocompatibility --- Transplantation immunology --- Medical microbiology --- Virology --- Virus diseases --- Health Workforce

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Recent years have seen unprecedented outbreaks of avian influenza A viruses. In particular, highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses have not only resulted in widespread outbreaks in domestic poultry, but have been transmitted to humans resulting in numerous fatalities. The rapid expansion in their geographic distribution and the possibility that these viruses could acquire the ability to spread from person to person raise the risk that such a virus could cause a global pandemic with high morbidity and mortality. An effective influenza vaccine represents the best approach to prevent and control such an emerging pandemic. However, current influenza vaccines are directed at existing seasonal influenza viruses, which have limited antigenic relationships to the highly pathogenic H5N1 strains. Concerns about pandemic preparedness have greatly stimulated research activities to develop effective vaccines for pandemic influenza viruses, and to overcome the limitations inherent in current approaches to vaccine production and distribution. These limitations include the use of embryonated chicken eggs as the substrate for vaccine production; which is time-consuming and could involve potential biohazards in growth of new virus strains. Other limitations include the requirement that the current inactivated influenza vaccines be administered using needles and syringes, requiring trained personnel, which could be a bottleneck when attempting to vaccinate large populations in mass campaigns. In addition, the current inactivated vaccines which are delivered by injection elicit limited protective immunity in the upper respiratory tract where the infection process is initiated. Most of these limitations of the current vaccines are being addressed by research on novel approaches to vaccine development and delivery that are described in many of the chapters in this volume.

Disease Outbreaks. --- Influenza vaccines. --- Influenza Vaccines -- therapeutic use. --- Influenza, Human. --- Influenzavirus A. --- Influenza Vaccines --- Influenzavirus A --- Influenza, Human --- Disease Outbreaks --- Orthomyxoviridae --- Viral Vaccines --- Public Health --- Orthomyxoviridae Infections --- Respiratory Tract Infections --- Environment and Public Health --- RNA Viruses --- Vaccines --- Respiratory Tract Diseases --- RNA Virus Infections --- Diseases --- Biological Products --- Virus Diseases --- Viruses --- Health Care --- Vertebrate Viruses --- Complex Mixtures --- Organisms --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Viral vaccines. --- Virus vaccines --- Influenza virus vaccines --- Medicine. --- Immunology. --- Pharmacology. --- Virology. --- Public health. --- Biomedicine. --- Pharmacology/Toxicology. --- Public Health. --- Community health --- Health services --- Hygiene, Public --- Hygiene, Social --- Public health services --- Public hygiene --- Sanitary affairs --- Social hygiene --- Health --- Human services --- Biosecurity --- Health literacy --- Medicine, Preventive --- National health services --- Sanitation --- Microbiology --- Drug effects --- Medical pharmacology --- Medical sciences --- Chemicals --- Chemotherapy --- Drugs --- Pharmacy --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Physiological effect --- Viral vaccines --- Medical virology. --- Toxicology. --- Medicine --- Pharmacology --- Poisoning --- Poisons --- Medical microbiology --- Virology --- Virus diseases --- Toxicology

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"The 2009 H1N1 vaccination campaign was one of the largest public health campaigns in U.S. history, vaccinating one-quarter of the population in the first three months. The Institute of Medicine held three workshops in Raleigh, NC; Austin, TX; and Seattle, WA to learn from participants' experiences during the campaign and improve future emergency vaccination programs."

H1N1 influenza --- Influenza vaccines --- Vaccination --- Influenza A virus --- Viral Vaccines --- Immunization Programs --- North America --- Orthomyxoviridae Infections --- Respiratory Tract Infections --- Vaccines --- Immunization --- Immunotherapy, Active --- Respiratory Tract Diseases --- Preventive Health Services --- RNA Virus Infections --- Americas --- Influenzavirus A --- Virus Diseases --- Biological Products --- Health Services --- Orthomyxoviridae --- Primary Prevention --- Diseases --- Geographic Locations --- Community Health Services --- Communicable Disease Control --- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype --- Mass Vaccination --- United States --- Influenza Vaccines --- Influenza, Human --- Geographicals --- Immunotherapy --- Complex Mixtures --- RNA Viruses --- Public Health Practice --- Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services --- Immunologic Techniques --- Public Health --- Vertebrate Viruses --- Health Care --- Immunomodulation --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Investigative Techniques --- Viruses --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Biological Therapy --- Environment and Public Health --- Organisms --- Therapeutics --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Communicable Diseases --- Prevention --- Vaccination. --- H1N1 flu --- Novel H1N1 flu --- Novel H1N1 influenza --- Novel influenza A --- Swine flu (H1N1) --- Swine influenza (H1N1) --- Swine influenza