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Cholera remains a global threat in the 21st century, chiefly due to the continued lack of adequate resource provision and the political will to ensure a safe potable water supply and sanitary waste disposal for a burgeoning global population. The current Special Issue on cholera provides an overview of the available control measures from the perspectives of bioecology, immunology and vaccinology and treatment. These modalities have the potential to reduce cholera case fatality rates to less than 1% if properly implemented. In this Special Issue on cholera, the current state of the art in science-based control measures is reported on by several of the world’s leaders in research on the control of cholera and allied acute watery diarrheal diseases. Dr. Rita Colwell, Dr. Anwar Huq and colleagues at the University of Maryland and the University of Florida will review the latest information on environmental factors related to the prediction and prevention of cholera. Dr. Jacqueline Dean and Dr. John Clemens contribute an overview of recent insights into the performance of licensed and recommended cholera vaccines. Dr. Jan Holmgren will present an update on cholera immunity and the next generation of cholera vaccines. Dr. David Nalin will discuss cholera treatment options and optimums for the 21st century, and Dr. Richard A. Cash will focus on bringing diarrhea treatment, control, and prevention to the community.

Public health & preventive medicine --- VIP --- cholera patients --- cholera --- oral cholera vaccine --- efficacy --- effectiveness --- non-cholera acute watery diarrheas (AWDs) --- oral rehydration solutions (ORS) --- ORS formulations --- sodium balance --- hyponatremia --- hyponatremic seizures --- hyponatremic sequelae --- mucosal immunity --- cholera control --- diarrhea --- Burundi --- hot spot --- oral rehydration solution (ORS) --- oral rehydration therapy (ORT) --- community-based care --- OTEP --- BRAC --- environmental parameters --- Vibrio cholerae --- trigger --- transmission --- prediction --- immunity --- innate --- adaptive --- antibody --- cellular --- mucosal --- systemic --- memory --- vaccine --- non-cholera dehydrating diarrheas --- translational medicine --- history --- urban health --- oral rehydration --- VIP --- cholera patients --- cholera --- oral cholera vaccine --- efficacy --- effectiveness --- non-cholera acute watery diarrheas (AWDs) --- oral rehydration solutions (ORS) --- ORS formulations --- sodium balance --- hyponatremia --- hyponatremic seizures --- hyponatremic sequelae --- mucosal immunity --- cholera control --- diarrhea --- Burundi --- hot spot --- oral rehydration solution (ORS) --- oral rehydration therapy (ORT) --- community-based care --- OTEP --- BRAC --- environmental parameters --- Vibrio cholerae --- trigger --- transmission --- prediction --- immunity --- innate --- adaptive --- antibody --- cellular --- mucosal --- systemic --- memory --- vaccine --- non-cholera dehydrating diarrheas --- translational medicine --- history --- urban health --- oral rehydration

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Cholera remains a global threat in the 21st century, chiefly due to the continued lack of adequate resource provision and the political will to ensure a safe potable water supply and sanitary waste disposal for a burgeoning global population. The current Special Issue on cholera provides an overview of the available control measures from the perspectives of bioecology, immunology and vaccinology and treatment. These modalities have the potential to reduce cholera case fatality rates to less than 1% if properly implemented. In this Special Issue on cholera, the current state of the art in science-based control measures is reported on by several of the world’s leaders in research on the control of cholera and allied acute watery diarrheal diseases. Dr. Rita Colwell, Dr. Anwar Huq and colleagues at the University of Maryland and the University of Florida will review the latest information on environmental factors related to the prediction and prevention of cholera. Dr. Jacqueline Dean and Dr. John Clemens contribute an overview of recent insights into the performance of licensed and recommended cholera vaccines. Dr. Jan Holmgren will present an update on cholera immunity and the next generation of cholera vaccines. Dr. David Nalin will discuss cholera treatment options and optimums for the 21st century, and Dr. Richard A. Cash will focus on bringing diarrhea treatment, control, and prevention to the community.

Public health & preventive medicine --- VIP --- cholera patients --- cholera --- oral cholera vaccine --- efficacy --- effectiveness --- non-cholera acute watery diarrheas (AWDs) --- oral rehydration solutions (ORS) --- ORS formulations --- sodium balance --- hyponatremia --- hyponatremic seizures --- hyponatremic sequelae --- mucosal immunity --- cholera control --- diarrhea --- Burundi --- hot spot --- oral rehydration solution (ORS) --- oral rehydration therapy (ORT) --- community-based care --- OTEP --- BRAC --- environmental parameters --- Vibrio cholerae --- trigger --- transmission --- prediction --- immunity --- innate --- adaptive --- antibody --- cellular --- mucosal --- systemic --- memory --- vaccine --- non-cholera dehydrating diarrheas --- translational medicine --- history --- urban health --- oral rehydration --- n/a

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Animal Diseases --- Drug Therapy --- Diseases --- Therapeutics --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Dog Diseases --- Cat Diseases --- Fluid Therapy --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Veterinary Medicine --- Oral Rehydration --- Rehydration Therapy, Oral --- Therapy, Fluid --- Therapy, Oral Rehydration --- Oral Rehydration Therapy --- Rehydration --- Rehydration, Oral --- Fluid Therapies --- Oral Rehydration Therapies --- Oral Rehydrations --- Rehydration Therapies, Oral --- Rehydrations --- Rehydrations, Oral --- Therapies, Fluid --- Therapies, Oral Rehydration --- Dehydration --- Electrolytes --- Infusions, Parenteral --- Water-Electrolyte Balance --- Water-Electrolyte Imbalance --- Feline Diseases --- Cat Disease --- Disease, Cat --- Disease, Feline --- Diseases, Cat --- Diseases, Feline --- Feline Disease --- Canine Diseases --- Canine Disease --- Disease, Canine --- Disease, Dog --- Diseases, Canine --- Diseases, Dog --- Dog Disease --- Therapy --- Treatment --- Therapeutic --- Therapies --- Treatments --- Disease --- Therapy, Drug --- Chemotherapy --- Pharmacotherapy --- Chemotherapies --- Drug Therapies --- Pharmacotherapies --- Therapies, Drug --- Pharmaceutical Preparations --- Pharmacologic Actions --- Diseases, Animal --- therapy --- drug therapy --- therapeutic use --- veterinary --- FLUID THERAPY --- DOG DISEASES --- CAT DISEASES --- BODY FLUIDS --- ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM --- VETERINARY --- PHYSIOLOGY

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The World Bank and The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) jointly developed this report to calculate the potential human and economic benefits to be gained from increasing nutrition investments in the Kyrgyz Republic. This report provides compelling evidence of the potential to improve health and economic outcomes through scaling up effective nutrition interventions and introducing new proven interventions to reduce the direct causes of under nutrition in order to support the Kyrgyz government's commitment to the well-being and prosperous future of the Kyrgyz people. This situational analysis examines and quantifies the scope of under nutrition in the Kyrgyz Republic by presenting: (1) the epidemiology of under nutrition; (2) an estimate of the health consequences of under nutrition in terms of mortality and disability adjusted life years (DALYs), and the economic losses due to lost workforce and productivity; (3) the health, social protection, and agriculture and food intervention systems relevant to delivering interventions for improving nutrition; (4) the current coverage of nutrition interventions; and (5) the potential economic gains achievable by scaling up effective nutrition interventions. The current context is very favorable for scaling up nutrition interventions in the Kyrgyz Republic. Investing in nutrition has increasingly proven to have excellent development and health returns. The international development community has recognized (1) the need to scale up nutrition interventions; (2) the potential for public-private partnerships; and, (3) a growing consensus around a common framework for action. Reducing under nutrition worldwide is a priority for the World Bank and UNICEF, and also critical to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

Access to Health Services --- Adolescents --- Anemia --- Breastfeeding --- Cardiovascular Disease --- Child Care --- Child Mortality --- Conditional Cash Transfers --- Developing Countries --- Diarrhea --- Disasters --- Discrimination --- Drinking Water --- Early Child and Children's Health --- Early Childhood --- Economic Development --- Employment Opportunities --- Energy Consumption --- Epidemiology --- Family Planning --- Food Security --- Gross Domestic Product --- Gross National Income --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Outcomes --- Health Policy --- Health Systems Development & Reform --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Hiv/Aids --- Hospitals --- Human Capital --- Human Rights --- Hygiene --- Infant Mortality --- Iodine Deficiency --- Malaria --- Malnutrition --- Marketing --- Maternal Health --- Maternal Mortality --- Millennium Development Goals --- Morbidity --- Mortality --- Nutrition --- Nutrition Programs --- Obesity --- Oral Rehydration therapy --- Physicians --- Pregnancy --- Productivity --- Public Health --- Remittances --- Rural Development --- Sanitation --- Stunting --- Technical Assistance --- Tuberculosis --- Universal Primary Education --- Urban Areas --- Vulnerable Groups --- Wasting --- Workers --- World Health Organization