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Financial management --- Calcul des coûts --- Comptabilité analytique --- Comptabilité analytique d'exploitation --- Comptabilité industrielle --- Comptabilité interne --- Cost accounting --- Coût de revient--Calcul --- Coût de revient--Comptabilité --- Coût--Calcul --- Finance --- Finances --- Financiën --- Kostenberekening --- Kostencalculatie --- Opportunity costs --- Cost accounting. --- Finance. --- Opportunity costs.

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In spite of the similarities between Sub-Saharan Africa and the Arab Gulf region (Gulf Cooperation Council states), development policies implemented in these two regions of the world have produced markedly different and even divergent outcomes. While Gulf Cooperation Council states have drawn on hydrocarbon revenues to dramatically transform their economic landscape, Sub-Saharan African countries have exhibited abysmal economic and social outcomes. The remarkable increase in personal income and large current account surpluses in Arab Gulf states is in sharp contrast with widespread poverty and recurrent balance of payments crises in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper reviews the possible causes of these divergent development paths and discusses the prospects for economic convergence in the new globalization landscape of growing trade ties between the two regions. In particular, it shows that development models underpinned by institutional continuity and intergenerational accountability could enhance long-run growth in Sub-Saharan Africa and income convergence between the two regions.

Access to Finance --- Assets --- Comparative analysis --- Currencies and Exchange Rates --- Debt --- Debt Markets --- Democratic institutions --- Development policies --- Development strategy --- Economic Conditions and Volatility --- Economic growth --- Economic outcomes --- Economic power --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Environment --- Environmental Economics and Policies --- Exports --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- GDP --- GDP per capita --- Growth rate --- Income --- Inequality --- Investment and Investment Climate --- Living standards --- Macroeconomic performance --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Natural resources --- Opportunity costs --- Per capita income --- Poverty Reduction --- Private Sector Development --- Pro-Poor Growth --- Wealth

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This paper examines the (quasi-)fiscal impact of the (opportunity) cost of international reserves. It proposes a conceptual framework, with particular emphasis on two hitherto somewhat neglected aspects: a more appropriate measure of gross opportunity cost, and potential savings from lower external debt spreads that countries "buy" by holding reserves. The framework is then applied to 100 countries over 1990-2004. The results suggest that a turning point has been reached in recent years: while most countries made money on their reserves during 1990-2001, most have been losing money during 2002-04.

Bank reserves -- Econometric models. --- Debts, External -- Econometric models. --- Electronic books. -- local. --- Opportunity costs -- Econometric models. --- Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public Finance --- Monetary Policy --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures --- Other Public Investment and Capital Stock --- Banking --- International economics --- Monetary economics --- Public finance & taxation --- International reserves --- External debt --- Reserve currencies --- Public investment and public-private partnerships (PPP) --- Reserve assets --- Foreign exchange reserves --- Debts, External --- Money --- Public-private sector cooperation --- United States

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Happily, the revolution going on in the telecommunications industry is benign. Technological change and competition are making possible changes considered improbable even 15 years ago. The WTO Agreement on Basic Telecommunications Services created a new regime for the world market. Now we must pay close attention to regulatory fundamentals. Every country serious about introducing competition finds that the transition from monopoly to competition is both economically rewarding and laden with policy dilemmas. As a new century begins, we have an essentially new market for telecommunications. Digital technology forced a reexamination of the opportunity costs of protecting traditional telecommunications equipment and service suppliers. An inefficient market for telecommunications threatened competitiveness in the computer, software, and information industry markets. Meanwhile, after dislocations created by global stagflation through the early 1980s, developing countries became interested in privatization of state enterprises as a tool of economic reform-and state telephone companies were especially promising targets for privatization. Those countries began exploring options for allowing selective competition, as phone companies in major industrial countries began looking to foreign markets for new business opportunities. The WTO Agreement on Basic Telecommunications Services created a new regime for the world market. Now we must pay close attention to regulatory fundamentals: Low barriers to entry in the market for communications services; Effective rebalancing of rates for services during the market transition; Strong interconnection policies; The creation of independent regulatory authorities with the resources and power necessary to foster competition and safeguard consumer welfare. Cowhey and Klimenko assess how developing and transition economies have fared in profiting from changes in the telecommunications market. They also examine the policy challenges that remain, paying special attention to the global market and regulatory milieu fostered by the 1997 WTO agreement. They ask what this latest transformation has taught us about wise management of this vital part of the world economy's infrastructure. They focus on the economics of managing the transition to competition, the design of proper regulatory policies and processes, and the embedding of domestic telecommunications in the world market. This paper-a product of Trade, Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to help developing countries formulate negotiating positions for WTO talks. Mikhail Klimenko may be contacted at mklimenko@ucsd.edu.

Debt Markets --- Developing Countries --- E-Business --- Economic Policies --- Economic Theory and Research --- Education --- Education for the Knowledge Economy --- Emerging Markets --- Entry Barriers --- Equipment --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Future --- Global Market --- ICT Policy and Strategies --- Industry --- Information and Communication Technologies --- Interest --- International Financial Markets --- Macroeconomic Policy --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market Access --- Market Efficiency --- Markets --- Markets and Market Access --- Opportunity Costs --- Option --- Options --- Private Sector Development --- Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures --- Public Sector Economics and Finance --- Regulatory Authority --- Regulatory Systems --- Tariffs --- Technology Industry --- Telecommunications --- Transition Economies

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The ethical and emotional tolls paid by disadvantaged college students seeking upward mobility and what educators can do to help these students flourishUpward mobility through the path of higher education has been an article of faith for generations of working-class, low-income, and immigrant college students. While we know the road usually entails financial sacrifices and hard work, very little attention has been paid to the deep personal compromises such students have to make as they enter worlds vastly different from their own. Measuring the true cost of higher education for those from disadvantaged backgrounds, Moving Up without Losing Your Way looks at the ethical dilemmas of upward mobility-the broken ties with family and friends, the severed connections with former communities, and the loss of identity-faced by students as they strive to earn a successful place in society.Drawing on philosophy, social science, personal stories, and interviews, Jennifer Morton reframes the college experience, factoring in not just educational and career opportunities but also essential relationships with family, friends, and community. Finding that student strivers tend to give up the latter for the former, negating their sense of self, Morton seeks to reverse this course. Morton urges educators to empower students with a new narrative of upward mobility-one that honestly situates ethical costs in historical, social, and economic contexts and that allows students to make informed decisions for themselves.A powerful work with practical implications, Moving Up without Losing Your Way paves a hopeful path so that students might achieve social mobility while retaining their best selves.

Educational mobility --- Families --- Opportunity costs. --- Working class families --- Low-income college students. --- Ethics. --- Deontology --- Ethics, Primitive --- Ethology --- Moral philosophy --- Morality --- Morals --- Philosophy, Moral --- Science, Moral --- Philosophy --- Values --- Poor college students --- College students --- Low-income students --- Alternative costs --- Costs, Alternative --- Costs, Opportunity --- Implicit costs --- Imputed costs --- Cost --- Education mobility --- Mobility, Educational --- Social mobility --- Psychological aspects. --- Costs. --- African American students. --- Asian American students. --- Barack Obama. --- City College of New York. --- Ethical goods. --- John U. Ogbu. --- Maya Beasley. --- Section 8. --- Signithia Fordham. --- Sonia Sotomayor. --- acculturation. --- childcare. --- codeswitching. --- college costs. --- course requirements. --- cultural mismatch. --- culture of poverty. --- double-consciousness. --- educational underachievement. --- eldercare. --- financial aid. --- food insecurity. --- healthcare. --- immigrant narrative. --- magnet school. --- marginalized communities. --- online education. --- oppositional culture. --- poverty. --- racial integration. --- safety net. --- social support systems. --- socioeconomic segregation. --- student-teacher interactions. --- undermatching. --- wealth gap. --- United States. --- ABŞ --- ABSh --- Ameerika Ühendriigid --- America (Republic) --- Amerika Birlăshmish Shtatlary --- Amerika Birlăşmi Ştatları --- Amerika Birlăşmiş Ştatları --- Amerika ka Kelenyalen Jamanaw --- Amerika Qūrama Shtattary --- Amerika Qŭshma Shtatlari --- Amerika Qushma Shtattary --- Amerika (Republic) --- Amerikai Egyesült Államok --- Amerikanʹ Veĭtʹsėndi͡avks Shtattnė --- Amerikări Pĕrleshu̇llĕ Shtatsem --- Amerikas Forenede Stater --- Amerikayi Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Ameriketako Estatu Batuak --- Amirika Carékat --- AQSh --- Ar. ha-B. --- Arhab --- Artsot ha-Berit --- Artzois Ha'bris --- Bí-kok --- Ē.P.A. --- É.-U. --- EE.UU. --- Egyesült Államok --- ĒPA --- Estados Unidos --- Estados Unidos da América do Norte --- Estados Unidos de América --- Estaos Xuníos --- Estaos Xuníos d'América --- Estatos Unitos --- Estatos Unitos d'America --- Estats Units d'Amèrica --- Ètats-Unis d'Amèrica --- États-Unis d'Amérique --- ÉU --- Fareyniḳṭe Shṭaṭn --- Feriene Steaten --- Feriene Steaten fan Amearika --- Forente stater --- FS --- Hēnomenai Politeiai Amerikēs --- Hēnōmenes Politeies tēs Amerikēs --- Hiwsisayin Amerikayi Miatsʻeal Tērutʻiwnkʻ --- Istadus Unidus --- Jungtinės Amerikos valstybės --- Mei guo --- Mei-kuo --- Meiguo --- Mî-koet --- Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Miguk --- Na Stàitean Aonaichte --- NSA --- S.U.A. --- SAD --- Saharat ʻAmērikā --- SASht --- Severo-Amerikanskie Shtaty --- Severo-Amerikanskie Soedinennye Shtaty --- Si͡evero-Amerikanskīe Soedinennye Shtaty --- Sjedinjene Američke Države --- Soedinennye Shtaty Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Severnoĭ Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Si͡evernoĭ Ameriki --- Spojené obce severoamerické --- Spojené staty americké --- SShA --- Stadoù-Unanet Amerika --- Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá --- Stany Zjednoczone --- Stati Uniti --- Stati Uniti d'America --- Stâts Unîts --- Stâts Unîts di Americhe --- Steatyn Unnaneysit --- Steatyn Unnaneysit America --- SUA --- Sŭedineni amerikanski shtati --- Sŭedinenite shtati --- Tetã peteĩ reko Amérikagua --- U.S. --- U.S.A. --- United States of America --- Unol Daleithiau --- Unol Daleithiau America --- Unuiĝintaj Ŝtatoj de Ameriko --- US --- USA --- Usono --- Vaeinigte Staatn --- Vaeinigte Staatn vo Amerika --- Vereinigte Staaten --- Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika --- Verenigde State van Amerika --- Verenigde Staten --- VS --- VSA --- Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amirīkīyah --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amrīkīyah --- Yhdysvallat --- Yunaeted Stet --- Yunaeted Stet blong Amerika --- ZDA --- Združene države Amerike --- Zʹi͡ednani Derz͡havy Ameryky --- Zjadnośone staty Ameriki --- Zluchanyi͡a Shtaty Ameryki --- Zlucheni Derz͡havy --- ZSA --- Business ethics.