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Early, project-specific life-cycle costing is indispensable for the sustainable economic operation of laboratory buildings. This book identifies the influencing factors and describes the development of a calculation tool to determine the life-cycle costs of laboratory buildings. Herstellungs- und Nutzungskosten von Gebäuden hängen eng zusammen. Bei Investitionsentscheidungen während des Planungsprozesses eines Gebäudes ist es deswegen von Anfang an sinnvoll, die Lebenszykluskosten als Summe der Erst- und Folgekosten zu betrachten. Um auch Laborgebäude nachhaltig wirtschaftlich betreiben und nutzen zu können, ist eine frühzeitige, projektspezifische Lebenszykluskostenermittlung unerlässlich. Das vorliegende Buch benennt daher die Einflussfaktoren auf die Lebenszykluskosten von Laborgebäuden und beschreibt davon ausgehend die Entwicklung eines Berechnungswerkzeugs zur Lebenszykluskostenermittlung von Laborgebäuden. Grundlage dazu bilden Literaturrecherchen, geführte Leitfadeninterviews mit Experten im Laborgebäudebau und -betrieb aus Deutschland und der Schweiz sowie eine Überprüfung und Anpassung des Werkzeugs anhand realer Kostendaten von Laborgebäuden. Zum einen liefert diese Studie damit Bauherren, Eigentümern und Betreibern von Laborgebäuden eine Voraussetzung zur Kosten-optimalen Laborgebäudebewirtschaftung. Zum anderen wird Architekten und Planern eine Herangehensweise und als Ergebnis ein Werkzeug aufgezeigt, um schon in frühen Planungsphasen die Baunutzungskosten von komplexen Bauwerken wie Laborgebäuden ermitteln, kontrollieren und steuern zu können.

Life-cycle costs. --- building operating costs. --- cost-influencing factors. --- laboratory buildings.

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Foreign bank participation has increased steadily across developing countries since the mid-1990s. This paper documents this trend and surveys the existing literature to explore the drivers and consequences of this phenomenon, paying particular attention to the differences observed across regions both in the degree of foreign bank participation and in the impact of this process. Local profit opportunities, the absence of barriers to entry, and the presence of mechanisms to mitigate information problems have been the main factors driving foreign bank entry across developing countries. In general, foreign bank participation has been shown to exert a positive influence on banking sector efficiency and competition. The weight of the evidence suggests that foreign bank presence does not endanger, but rather enhances banking sector stability. And although some case studies suggest that foreign bank entry limits access to finance, many cross-country studies offer evidence to the contrary.

Access to Finance --- Bank branches --- Bank for international settlements --- Banking sector --- Banking stability --- Banking system --- Banks & Banking Reform --- Debt --- Debt Markets --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial integration --- Financial regulation --- Financial services --- Foreign banks --- Foreign Direct Investment --- Foreign entry --- Interest income --- Interest rates --- International Economics and Trade --- Legal framework --- Legislation --- Operating costs --- Overhead costs --- Private Sector Development --- Profitability --- Return on assets --- Subsidiaries

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This study is a product of the Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD), a project designed to expand the world's knowledge of physical infrastructure in Africa. Infrastructure contributed 1.8 percentage points to Cote d'Ivoire's annual per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth in the mid-2000. Raising the country's infrastructure endowment to that of the region's middle-income countries could boost annual growth by a further two percentage points per capita. Cote d'Ivoire made major strides with respect to infrastructure during the 1990s. As a result, the country has broad-reaching national backbones in the road, energy, and Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) sectors, and relatively high levels of household coverage for utility services. However, much ground was lost to conflict in the mid-2000s. Very little investment has taken place in the last fifteen years, leading to recent power shortages, the deterioration of the road network, and the deceleration of progress on safe water access. Cote d'Ivoire's most pressing challenge will be to regain the financial equilibrium needed to restore a reliable energy supply. Reestablishing the prominence of Abidjan's port will require investments in terminal capacity, as well as road and rail infrastructure upgrades on hinterland linkages. The underfunding of road maintenance must also be addressed. Another challenge lies in sanitation, as it is currently unlikely that the country will meet the associated millennium development goal. This report presents the key AICD findings for Cote d'Ivoire, allowing the country's infrastructure situation to be benchmarked against that of its African peers. A social and economic crisis in Cote d'Ivoire has crippled its growth trajectory, which had been that of a middle-income country. It will therefore be compared to low-income countries (fragile and non-fragile groups) and middle-income countries, as well as immediate regional neighbors in West Africa. The study presented several methodological issues.

Accounting --- Bonds --- Capital Costs --- Cost Recovery --- Electricity --- Energy --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Energy Supply --- Freight Transport --- Gross Domestic Product --- Hydropower --- Infrastructure Economics --- Infrastructure Economics and Finance --- Infrastructure Finance --- Natural Resources --- Operating Costs --- Ports --- Power Generation --- Power Sector --- Private Sector --- Productivity --- Public Finance --- Public Sector --- Public Spending --- Railways --- Roads --- Sanitation --- Savings --- Telecommunications --- Thermal Power --- Traffic Volumes --- Transport --- Vehicles --- Water Supply --- Water Utilities

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Banks restructured after East Asia's crisis of 1997 - most of them family-owned or company-owned and almost never foreign-owned - tended to be heavy risk takers. Most of them had excessive credit growth; Laeven uses a linear programming technique (data envelopment analysis) to estimate the inefficiencies of banks in Indonesia, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand. He applies this technique to the precrisis period 1992-96. Assessing a bank's overall performance requires assessing both efficiency and risk factors, so Laeven also introduces a measure of risk taking. This risk measure helps predict which banks were restructured after the crisis of 1997. Laeven finds that foreign-owned banks took little risk relative to other banks in East Asia, and that family-owned and company-owned banks were among the highest risk takers. Banks restructured after the 1997 crisis had excessive credit growth, were mostly family-owned or company-owned, and were almost never foreign-owned. This paper - a product of the Financial Sector Strategy and Policy Department - is part of a larger effort in the department to study the causes and resolution of financial distress. The author may be contacted at llaeven@worldbank.org.

Bank --- Bank Risk --- Banking --- Banks --- Banks and Banking Reform --- Cred Deposits --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring --- Financial Institutions --- Financial Intermediation --- Financial Literacy --- Financial Services --- Governance --- Interest --- Lending --- Nonperforming Loans --- Operating Costs --- Principal --- Real Sector --- Risk --- Risk Factors --- Risk Management --- Risk Taking --- Services

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This report is the final product of a country case study prepared in the framework of the comparative analysis of organization and performance of cotton sectors in Sub-Saharan Africa, a study published by the World Bank in 2008. The objective of the overall study was to carry out a comparative analysis of the links between sector structure and observed performance outcomes on a sample of nine of the major cotton exporting countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, and draw lessons from each country's experience that can provide useful guidance to policy-makers, industry stakeholders, and interested donors agencies in the design of future cotton sector reform programs. This paper describes and reviews the situation of the cotton sector of Cote d'Ivoire, as well as the reforms that the sector has undergone since the mid-1990s.

Advisory Services --- Agricultural Extension Services --- Agricultural Industry --- Agricultural Research --- Agriculture --- Bankruptcy --- Bonds --- Capital --- Coffee --- Commercial Banks --- Commercialization --- Cooperatives --- Corn --- Cotton --- Credit --- Crops & Crop Management Systems --- Deregulation --- Economic Development --- Farming --- Finance --- Financial Crisis --- Food Production --- Industry --- Loans --- Managers --- Monopolies --- Operating Costs --- Plants --- Privatization --- Profitability --- Public Investment --- Rice --- Risk Management --- Rural Development --- Savings --- Seeds --- Social Development --- Sugar --- Technical Assistance --- Trust --- Unions --- Villages