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In two experimental studies, we observed whether dogs rely on olfactory and/or visual information about the hiding place for food in a two-choice test. However, for some dogs direct olfactory (smelling the food) or visual (observing of the food being hidden) experience has been contradicted by human pointing (a well-known communicative gesture for the dog) to the 'incorrect' hiding place. We have found that dogs were able to use both olfactory and visual cues efficiently to choose above chance in a choice situation when there was no human cueing. However, in other experimental groups the dogs tended to choose the bowl pointed at by the human. This change in their behavior was more pronounced if they had only olfactory information about the location of the food. In contrast, if they had seen where the food was placed, dogs were more reluctant to follow the pointing gesture, but even so their performance worsened compared to the case in which they saw only the bowl baited. These results give further support for the hypothesis that dogs regard the pointing gesture as being a communicative act about the placing of the food, but they do not rely on this gesture blindly and they can modify their behavior based on visual experience related directly to the hiding of the food. Further, contrary to general expectations dogs rely in this situation, only to some degree on olfactory cues.

Behavior. --- Choice. --- Cues. --- Dog. --- Dogs. --- Experience. --- Food. --- Group. --- Human. --- Investigation. --- Olfactory cues. --- Olfactory. --- Performance. --- Test.

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Seven experiments were conducted on four miniature pigs to determine: (1) whether the pigs can discriminate between people wearing the same coloured clothing; (2) what cues they rely on if they could discriminate. For 2 weeks before the experiments began, the pigs were conditioned in a Y-maze to receive raisins from the rewarder wearing dark blue coveralls. They were then given the opportunity to choose the rewarder or non-rewarder in these experiments. Each session consisted of 20 trials. Successful discrimination was that the pig chose the rewarder at least 15 times in 20 trials (P[chi]2-test). In Experiment 1, both rewarder and non-rewarder wore dark blue coveralls. By 20 sessions, all pigs successfully identified the rewarder. In Experiment 2: (1) both wore coveralls of the same new colours or (2) one of them wore coveralls of new colours. They significantly preferred the rewarder even though the rewarder and/or non-rewarder wore coveralls of new colours. In Experiment 3, both wore dark blue coveralls but olfactory cues were obscured and auditory cues were not given. The pigs were able to identify the rewarder successfully irrespective of changing auditory and olfactory cues. In Experiment 4, both wore dark blue coveralls but covered part of their face and body in different ways. The correct response rate decreased when a part of the face and the whole body of the rewarder and non-rewarder were covered. In Experiment 5, both wore dark blue coveralls and changed their apparent body size by shifting sitting position. The correct response rate increased as the difference in body size between the experimenters increased. In Experiment 6, the distance between the experimenters and the pig was increased by 30 cm increments. The correct response rate of each pig decreased as the experimenters receded from the pig, but performance varied among the pigs. In Experiment 7, the light intensity of the experimental room was reduced from 550 to 80 lx and then to 2

Auditory. --- Cues. --- Discriminate. --- Discrimination. --- Distance. --- Experiment. --- Experiments. --- Light. --- Olfactory cues. --- Olfactory. --- People. --- Performance. --- Pig. --- Pigs. --- Position. --- Reduction. --- Reinforcement. --- Response. --- Size. --- Time. --- Y-maze.

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Social recognition is essential for the maintenance of a stable group structure. Failure to recognise familiar conspecifics in social groups of juvenile pigs may initiate agonistic encounters that can compromise welfare and productivity. Current housing systems may allow build up of atmospheric ammonia that might, in turn, interfere with the olfactory system and compromise olfactory perception. In the present study, 16 juvenile pigs were housed in fresh air while another 16 pigs were kept in an ammoniated atmosphere (approximately 36&nbsp;ppm) for 1 week prior to test and another week during testing. We then assessed the role of olfaction in social recognition and determined whether chronic exposure to ammonia compromised discrimination based on olfactory perception by comparing the pigs' responses to selected cues from a familiar and an unfamiliar pig presented simultaneously in separate chambers of a modified Y-maze in each of two test situations (near, remote). Visual, auditory, olfactory, and tactile cues were all provided in the "near" test situation; here, the stimulus pigs were presented in two separate chambers behind clear perspex walls containing an aperture that allowed nose-to-nose contact between the test and stimulus pigs. On the other hand, the "remote" test provided only olfactory cues via air passed from the chambers containing the stimulus pigs into the test chamber. Each test lasted 5&nbsp;min and the pigs' behaviour was recorded via overhead video cameras; we then measured the accumulated times spent near and the numbers of visits made to the familiar and the unfamiliar stimulus pigs as well as the transitions between them. Overall, pigs made more visits to and spent significantly longer near both the stimulus pigs in the near test than in the remote one (ANOVA, PPPP<0.05). The present results suggest that pigs from both treatment groups employed olfactory cues in social recognition, but that chronic exposure to ammonia did not interfere with

Ability. --- Agonistic. --- Ammonia. --- Auditory. --- Behaviour. --- Conspecific. --- Contact. --- Cues. --- Discrimination. --- Exposure. --- Failure. --- Group. --- Housing system. --- Housing. --- Kept. --- Maintenance. --- Olfaction. --- Olfactory cues. --- Olfactory. --- Perception. --- Pig. --- Pigs. --- Preference. --- Preferences. --- Productivity. --- Recognition. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Situations. --- Social recognition. --- Social. --- Stimulus. --- System. --- Systems. --- Test. --- Time. --- Treatment. --- Video. --- Welfare. --- Y-maze.

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The present book, a reprint of the successful Insects Special Issue "From Insect Pheromones to Mating Disruption: Theory and Practice", includes laboratory and field studies dealing with insect pheromones, as well as on mating disruption efficacy against insect species of economic importance, with special reference to the development and optimization of mating disruption approaches, their mechanisms of action, and possible non-target effects.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Zoology & animal sciences --- sex pheromone --- biological control --- flight tunnel --- Integrated Pest Management --- mealybug monitoring --- mating disruption --- cotton bollworm --- processing tomato --- geostatistics --- Grapholita funebrana --- Tortricidae --- sex pheromones --- integrated pest management --- pheromone --- Lyctus africanus --- powderpost beetle --- age --- mating --- navel orangeworm --- Amyelois transitella --- almond --- citrophilous mealybug --- IPM --- semiochemicals --- sustainable pest control --- chemical ecology --- grapevine --- olfactory cues --- cuticular hydrocarbons --- host-marking pheromone --- true fruit flies --- olfaction --- odours --- biosynthesis --- pheromone perception --- resistance --- review --- field trials --- moth phenology --- vineyards --- apple orchards --- blueberry orchards --- SPLAT wax matrix --- remaining pheromone in point sources --- n/a

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The present book, a reprint of the successful Insects Special Issue "From Insect Pheromones to Mating Disruption: Theory and Practice", includes laboratory and field studies dealing with insect pheromones, as well as on mating disruption efficacy against insect species of economic importance, with special reference to the development and optimization of mating disruption approaches, their mechanisms of action, and possible non-target effects.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Zoology & animal sciences --- sex pheromone --- biological control --- flight tunnel --- Integrated Pest Management --- mealybug monitoring --- mating disruption --- cotton bollworm --- processing tomato --- geostatistics --- Grapholita funebrana --- Tortricidae --- sex pheromones --- integrated pest management --- pheromone --- Lyctus africanus --- powderpost beetle --- age --- mating --- navel orangeworm --- Amyelois transitella --- almond --- citrophilous mealybug --- IPM --- semiochemicals --- sustainable pest control --- chemical ecology --- grapevine --- olfactory cues --- cuticular hydrocarbons --- host-marking pheromone --- true fruit flies --- olfaction --- odours --- biosynthesis --- pheromone perception --- resistance --- review --- field trials --- moth phenology --- vineyards --- apple orchards --- blueberry orchards --- SPLAT wax matrix --- remaining pheromone in point sources --- sex pheromone --- biological control --- flight tunnel --- Integrated Pest Management --- mealybug monitoring --- mating disruption --- cotton bollworm --- processing tomato --- geostatistics --- Grapholita funebrana --- Tortricidae --- sex pheromones --- integrated pest management --- pheromone --- Lyctus africanus --- powderpost beetle --- age --- mating --- navel orangeworm --- Amyelois transitella --- almond --- citrophilous mealybug --- IPM --- semiochemicals --- sustainable pest control --- chemical ecology --- grapevine --- olfactory cues --- cuticular hydrocarbons --- host-marking pheromone --- true fruit flies --- olfaction --- odours --- biosynthesis --- pheromone perception --- resistance --- review --- field trials --- moth phenology --- vineyards --- apple orchards --- blueberry orchards --- SPLAT wax matrix --- remaining pheromone in point sources