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This paper examines the role of foreign exchange receipts in determining Iran’s imports during 1961/62-1992/93. It provides evidence of the existence of long-term relationship between imports and foreign exchange receipts, as well as the traditional price and output variables.

Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Trade: General --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- International economics --- Imports --- Exchange restrictions --- Oil exports --- Exports --- International trade --- Iran, Islamic Republic of

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The Islamic Republic of Iran inherited a highly centralized economy. The state-owned enterprises had monopolies over large sectors of the economy, including the financial system. This was compounded by Iran's excessive dependence on the volatile oil exports. Iran's five-year development plan aims at accelerating growth to create sufficient employment opportunities for a rapidly expanding labor force. De-monopolizing the economy, liberalizing trade, promoting private investment, strengthening the financial system, and improving the fiscal and monetary policy settings is required.

Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Trade: General --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- International economics --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Exports --- Imports --- External debt --- Oil exports --- International trade --- Debts, External --- Iran, Islamic Republic of

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We examine the effects of oil rents on corruption and state stability exploiting the exogenous within-country variation of a new measure of oil rents for a panel of 31 oil-exporting countries during the period 1992 to 2005. We find that an increase in oil rents significantly increases corruption, significantly deteriorates political rights while at the same time leading to a significant improvement in civil liberties. We argue that these findings can be explained by the political elite having an incentive to extend civil liberties but reduce political rights in the presence of oil windfalls to evade redistribution and conflict. We support our argument documenting that there is a significant effect of oil rents on corruption in countries with a high share of state participation in oil production while no such link exists in countries where state participation in oil production is low.

Investments: Energy --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Natural Resources --- Criminology --- Energy: General --- Bureaucracy --- Administrative Processes in Public Organizations --- Corruption --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics --- Environmental and Ecological Economics: General --- Trade: General --- Investment & securities --- Corporate crime --- white-collar crime --- Environmental management --- International economics --- Oil --- Oil prices --- Natural resources --- Oil exports --- Petroleum industry and trade --- Exports

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This paper reviews economic developments in the United Arab Emirates during 1995–98. Real GDP growth accelerated from about 5 percent in 1994 to 8.1 percent in 1995 and to 10.1 percent in 1996. However, 1997 saw a marked slowdown in real GDP growth, to an estimated 2.1 percent, reflecting mainly a decline in oil sector GDP. Over the period 1993–96, there was strong growth in non-oil GDP averaging 9½ percent per year, boosted by an exceptionally good performance in 1994 (12 percent).

Banks and Banking --- Investments: Energy --- Exports and Imports --- Trade: General --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Energy: General --- International economics --- Banking --- Investment & securities --- Exports --- Oil exports --- Commercial banks --- Oil --- International trade --- Commodities --- Financial institutions --- Imports --- Banks and banking --- Petroleum industry and trade --- United Arab Emirates

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One of the more important yet puzzling aspects of the recent global stagflation has been the rather surprising resiliency of growth rates of real income in non-oil developing countries during the 1973-80 period in the face of the marked slowdown of corresponding growth rates in the industrial world. The primary purpose of this paper is to shed some light on this phenomenon by examining the relationship between the rate of economic growth in the non-oil developing countries and that in the industrial countries over the past decade or so.

Economic Development --- Business & Economics --- Investments: Energy --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Trade: General --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Price Level --- Inflation --- Deflation --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- International economics --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Investment & securities --- Exports --- Imports --- Export performance --- Personal income --- Oil exports --- International trade --- National accounts --- Income --- Petroleum industry and trade --- United States