Listing 1 - 10 of 44 | << page >> |
Sort by
|
Choose an application
The impact of the global financial and economic crisis on the Middle East and North Africa region was relatively mild. Lack of integration and a large public sector helped insulate the region to some extent, but now these and other factors are slowing down the speed of its economic recovery. The report examines the major factors threatening the recovery and those that obstruct long-term growth - especially non-oil export growth, which in net terms contributed little to regional growth during the past decade, with non-oil exports remaining below potential in many countries in the region. The report emphasizes several major areas in need of policy makers' attention, including restrictive trade policies, particularly those affecting trade in services; governance issues linked to uneven application of rules and regulations; inefficient and inflexible labor markets and scarcity of skills, innovation and technological capabilities.
Export Markets --- International Economics and Trade --- Macroeconomic Outlook --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Non-Oil Exports --- Private Sector Development --- Resource Dependence --- Technological Readiness --- Trade --- Trade Barriers
Choose an application
This paper examines the role of foreign exchange receipts in determining Iran’s imports during 1961/62-1992/93. It provides evidence of the existence of long-term relationship between imports and foreign exchange receipts, as well as the traditional price and output variables.
Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Trade: General --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- International economics --- Imports --- Exchange restrictions --- Oil exports --- Exports --- International trade --- Iran, Islamic Republic of
Choose an application
This paper reviews economic developments in the Islamic Republic of Iran during 1990–96. Iran experienced heightened macroeconomic instability in the first quarter of 1995/96. Among the contributing factors, the announcement by the United States of intensification and extension of sanctions had a pronounced negative impact on expectations. This triggered a run on the foreign exchange market and buying in the goods market. The free market exchange rate shot to Rls 6,200 per US$1 and consumer prices rose by 14 percent during April–May, which raised the 12-month consumer price inflation to 59 percent in May.
Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Trade: General --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- International economics --- Exchange rates --- Exports --- Imports --- Oil exports --- International trade --- Iran, Islamic Republic of
Choose an application
The Islamic Republic of Iran inherited a highly centralized economy. The state-owned enterprises had monopolies over large sectors of the economy, including the financial system. This was compounded by Iran's excessive dependence on the volatile oil exports. Iran's five-year development plan aims at accelerating growth to create sufficient employment opportunities for a rapidly expanding labor force. De-monopolizing the economy, liberalizing trade, promoting private investment, strengthening the financial system, and improving the fiscal and monetary policy settings is required.
Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Trade: General --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- International economics --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Exports --- Imports --- External debt --- Oil exports --- International trade --- Debts, External --- Iran, Islamic Republic of
Choose an application
This paper provides a model for the determination of the parallel market exchange rate premium in a country where oil export earnings accrue directly to the government, and foreign exchange is centrally allocated for the importation of specific goods. Next, it studies the parallel market for foreign exchange In the Islamic Republic of Iran during the period 1978-90. The paper then examines the various time series properties of parallel market exchange rate in Iran, and the evidence of the role of oil and non-oil exports in the determination of the parallel market premium.
Exports and Imports --- Finance: General --- Foreign Exchange --- Current Account Adjustment --- Short-term Capital Movements --- Open Economy Macroeconomics --- International Financial Markets --- Trade: General --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Finance --- International economics --- Multiple currency practices --- Exchange rates --- Currency markets --- Oil exports --- Financial markets --- International trade --- Foreign exchange market --- Exports --- Iran, Islamic Republic of
Choose an application
We examine the effects of oil rents on corruption and state stability exploiting the exogenous within-country variation of a new measure of oil rents for a panel of 31 oil-exporting countries during the period 1992 to 2005. We find that an increase in oil rents significantly increases corruption, significantly deteriorates political rights while at the same time leading to a significant improvement in civil liberties. We argue that these findings can be explained by the political elite having an incentive to extend civil liberties but reduce political rights in the presence of oil windfalls to evade redistribution and conflict. We support our argument documenting that there is a significant effect of oil rents on corruption in countries with a high share of state participation in oil production while no such link exists in countries where state participation in oil production is low.
Investments: Energy --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Natural Resources --- Criminology --- Energy: General --- Bureaucracy --- Administrative Processes in Public Organizations --- Corruption --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics --- Environmental and Ecological Economics: General --- Trade: General --- Investment & securities --- Corporate crime --- white-collar crime --- Environmental management --- International economics --- Oil --- Oil prices --- Natural resources --- Oil exports --- Petroleum industry and trade --- Exports
Choose an application
This paper reviews economic developments in Iran during 1990–95. The growth rate of real GDP declined from an average of 11 percent in 1990/91–1991/92 to 2.7 percent in 1994/95. This decline was associated with developments in both the oil and non-oil sectors, such as capacity constraints in the industrial sector; adverse movement in international oil prices; reduction in oil export volumes; and quantitative import restrictions, which adversely affected industries that depended on imported inputs. The real value added in the oil sector declined by 5.6 percent in 1994/95.
Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Public Finance --- Trade: General --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Oil exports --- Public expenditure review --- Exchange rates --- Imports --- International trade --- Expenditure --- Exports --- Expenditures, Public --- Iran, Islamic Republic of
Choose an application
This paper reviews economic developments in the United Arab Emirates during 1995–98. Real GDP growth accelerated from about 5 percent in 1994 to 8.1 percent in 1995 and to 10.1 percent in 1996. However, 1997 saw a marked slowdown in real GDP growth, to an estimated 2.1 percent, reflecting mainly a decline in oil sector GDP. Over the period 1993–96, there was strong growth in non-oil GDP averaging 9½ percent per year, boosted by an exceptionally good performance in 1994 (12 percent).
Banks and Banking --- Investments: Energy --- Exports and Imports --- Trade: General --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Energy: General --- International economics --- Banking --- Investment & securities --- Exports --- Oil exports --- Commercial banks --- Oil --- International trade --- Commodities --- Financial institutions --- Imports --- Banks and banking --- Petroleum industry and trade --- United Arab Emirates
Choose an application
Not unpredictably, there is a complex energy bind as we approach the end of the twentieth century. The oil importing industrial countries have anchored their industries, their means of transportation, their home comfort- in short, their whole energy-dependent lifestyle-largely to hydrocarbon fuels.
Petroleum Industry And Trade --- Economic Development --- Technology & Engineering --- Business & Economics --- Investments: Energy --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Trade: General --- Energy: General --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- International Investment --- Long-term Capital Movements --- International economics --- Investment & securities --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Finance --- Oil exports --- Oil --- Oil prices --- Imports --- Exports --- International trade --- Commodities --- Petroleum industry and trade --- Libya
Choose an application
One of the more important yet puzzling aspects of the recent global stagflation has been the rather surprising resiliency of growth rates of real income in non-oil developing countries during the 1973-80 period in the face of the marked slowdown of corresponding growth rates in the industrial world. The primary purpose of this paper is to shed some light on this phenomenon by examining the relationship between the rate of economic growth in the non-oil developing countries and that in the industrial countries over the past decade or so.
Economic Development --- Business & Economics --- Investments: Energy --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Trade: General --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Price Level --- Inflation --- Deflation --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- International economics --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Investment & securities --- Exports --- Imports --- Export performance --- Personal income --- Oil exports --- International trade --- National accounts --- Income --- Petroleum industry and trade --- United States
Listing 1 - 10 of 44 | << page >> |
Sort by
|