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Poverty estimates usually lag behind two years, which makes it difficult to provide real-time poverty analysis to assess the impact of economic crisis and shocks among the less well-off, and subsequently limits policy responses. This paper takes advantage of up-to-date average economic welfare indicators like the gross domestic product per capita and comprehensive harmonized micro data of more than 180 household surveys in 15 Latin American countries. The paper tests three commonly used poverty nowcasting methods and ranks their performance by comparing country-specific and regional poverty nowcasts with actual poverty estimates for 2003-14 period. The validation results show that the two bottom-up approaches, which simulate the performance of each agent in the economy to nowcast overall poverty, perform relatively better than the top-down approach, which uses welfare estimates to explain the performance of poverty at an aggregate level over time. The results are robust to additional sensitivity and robustness tests.

Distributed Energy --- Feed-In Tariffs --- Metering --- Off-Grid Pv --- Photovoltaic --- Solar

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Mil Colinas is a NGO founded in 2011 in order to contribute to the battle against inequality. Mil Colinas mediates between northern and southern countries in order to further social development. It is an educative project which started with 30 children and has grown to almost 200 people in addition to three Rwandese educators. Due to the fact that the current room is too small to carry out the activities, there is a clear necessity for the association to have its own space.
Last summer (2015), I went to Rukara, the Rwandese village in which Mil Colinas operates. I began taking its measurement and shortly after the land was purchased. The current project plan is to utilize solar energy for the school's main source of power.
During the period in which I was there, several facilities were visited (mainly schools and the health centre of Rukara) and some of them are already working with photovoltaic energy. Meetings took place around the country with key energy businesses in East Africa, such as Mobisol. Also the educators and children who are involved in Mil Colinas were directly contacted in order to understand and record the needs and desires they have for the new school.
With all the necessary data from this African country, an off-micro grid has to be designed for the current project. This grid provides the required energy (mainly for lights and laptops) through a photovoltaic system and accumulators.
Initially, it was necessary to measure the consumption as well as the solar irradiation in the area. Several hypothesis were created; taking into account different weather and other assumptions.
Following the hypothesis, some simulations were run in Python in order to plot the charge level of the batteries per hour throughout the whole year. Having these results, some decisions could be taken in account in relation to the quantity of the photovoltaic panels and the batteries with the help of the tool Solver in Excel. The wiring was also calculated as well as the optimum angle for the electrical generators. The system is optimized regarding the economical plan. Several plans were made with AutoCAD are attached as well as the 3D views of the school made with SweetHome3D.
As result of this project, there is an installation which will work in 48 V before the inverter and in 230 V upstream; 10 photovoltaic panels of 295 W each and 12 batteries of 200 Ah of capacity. Each unit is part of the installation along with the inverter and the controller. Initial investment reaches $12,257.67 but it is necessary to have a budget of $19,800.89 in total to assure the proper function during at least 24 years.

Microgrid --- Off-grid --- Rwanda --- Rukara --- Africa --- Mil Colinas --- International Cooperation --- Education --- Photovoltaic energy --- Renewable energy --- Python --- Excel --- AutoCAD --- Sweet Home 3D --- Solver --- Business cases --- Afrique --- Coopération Internationale --- Énergie Photovoltaique --- Énergie Renouvelable --- Ruanda --- Energía Fotovoltaica --- Energía Renovable --- Casos de negocio --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Energie --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Ingénierie électrique & électronique

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The deployment of distributed renewable energy resources (DRERs) has accelerated globally due to environmental concerns and an increasing demand for electricity. DRERs are considered to be solutions to some of the current challenges related to power grids, such as reliability, resilience, efficiency, and flexibility. However, there are still several technical and non-technical challenges regarding the deployment of distributed renewable energy resources. Technical concerns associated with the integration and control of DRERs include, but are not limited, to optimal sizing and placement, optimal operation in grid-connected and islanded modes, as well as the impact of these resources on power quality, power system security, stability, and protection systems. On the other hand, non-technical challenges can be classified into three categories—regulatory issues, social issues, and economic issues. This Special Issue will address all aspects related to the integration and control of distributed renewable energy resources. It aims to understand the existing challenges and explore new solutions and practices for use in overcoming technical challenges.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- distribution system --- microgrids --- power quality --- power system management --- power system reliability --- smart grids --- distribution networks --- Monte Carlo simulations --- PV hosting capacity --- photovoltaics --- green communities --- energy independence --- HOMER --- wind turbines --- power losses --- power system optimization --- PV curves --- DG --- TSA/SCA --- solar-powered electric vehicle parking lots --- different PV technologies --- PLO's profit --- uncertainties --- smart grid paradigm --- distributed generation --- model-based predictive control --- robustness --- worst-case scenario --- min-max optimisation --- intraday forecasting --- Gaussian process regression --- machine learning --- off-grid system --- composite control strategy --- solar photovoltaic panel --- wind turbine --- diesel generator --- energy storage system (ESS) --- synchronous machine (SM) --- permanent magnet brushless DC machine (PMBLDCM) --- power quality improvement --- distribution system --- microgrids --- power quality --- power system management --- power system reliability --- smart grids --- distribution networks --- Monte Carlo simulations --- PV hosting capacity --- photovoltaics --- green communities --- energy independence --- HOMER --- wind turbines --- power losses --- power system optimization --- PV curves --- DG --- TSA/SCA --- solar-powered electric vehicle parking lots --- different PV technologies --- PLO's profit --- uncertainties --- smart grid paradigm --- distributed generation --- model-based predictive control --- robustness --- worst-case scenario --- min-max optimisation --- intraday forecasting --- Gaussian process regression --- machine learning --- off-grid system --- composite control strategy --- solar photovoltaic panel --- wind turbine --- diesel generator --- energy storage system (ESS) --- synchronous machine (SM) --- permanent magnet brushless DC machine (PMBLDCM) --- power quality improvement

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The deployment of distributed renewable energy resources (DRERs) has accelerated globally due to environmental concerns and an increasing demand for electricity. DRERs are considered to be solutions to some of the current challenges related to power grids, such as reliability, resilience, efficiency, and flexibility. However, there are still several technical and non-technical challenges regarding the deployment of distributed renewable energy resources. Technical concerns associated with the integration and control of DRERs include, but are not limited, to optimal sizing and placement, optimal operation in grid-connected and islanded modes, as well as the impact of these resources on power quality, power system security, stability, and protection systems. On the other hand, non-technical challenges can be classified into three categories—regulatory issues, social issues, and economic issues. This Special Issue will address all aspects related to the integration and control of distributed renewable energy resources. It aims to understand the existing challenges and explore new solutions and practices for use in overcoming technical challenges.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- distribution system --- microgrids --- power quality --- power system management --- power system reliability --- smart grids --- distribution networks --- Monte Carlo simulations --- PV hosting capacity --- photovoltaics --- green communities --- energy independence --- HOMER --- wind turbines --- power losses --- power system optimization --- PV curves --- DG --- TSA/SCA --- solar-powered electric vehicle parking lots --- different PV technologies --- PLO’s profit --- uncertainties --- smart grid paradigm --- distributed generation --- model-based predictive control --- robustness --- worst-case scenario --- min–max optimisation --- intraday forecasting --- Gaussian process regression --- machine learning --- off-grid system --- composite control strategy --- solar photovoltaic panel --- wind turbine --- diesel generator --- energy storage system (ESS) --- synchronous machine (SM) --- permanent magnet brushless DC machine (PMBLDCM) --- power quality improvement --- n/a --- PLO's profit --- min-max optimisation

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This Special Issue will include papers related to the planning, protection, and control of smart grids and microgrids, and their applications in the industry, transportation, water, waste, and urban and residential infrastructures. Authors are encouraged to present their latest research; reviews on topics including methods, approaches, systems, and technology; and interfaces to other domains such as big data, cybersecurity, human–machine, sustainability, and smart cities. The planning side of microgrids might include technology selection, scheduling, interconnected microgrids, and their integration with regional energy infrastructures. The protection side of microgrids might include topics related to protection strategies, risk management, protection technologies, abnormal scenario assessments, equipment and system protection layers, fault diagnosis, validation and verification, and intelligent safety systems. The control side of smart grids and microgrids might include control strategies, intelligent control algorithms and systems, control architectures, technologies, embedded systems, monitoring, and deployment and implementation.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- hybrid power plant --- off-grid electricity systems --- model-based design --- state-space model --- voltage stability --- frequency stability --- small-signal analysis --- control tuning --- controller validation --- critical clearing times --- diesel generators --- grid-feeding photovoltaics --- grid-forming battery storage systems --- stand-alone hybrid microgrids --- system stability degree --- the micro-hybrid method --- transient stability assessment --- power flow control --- power fluctuations --- renewable energy sources --- demand uncertainty --- augmenting path --- renewable energy --- microgrids --- simulation --- optimization --- battery energy storage system --- economic dispatch problem --- nonlinear programming formulation --- optimal reallocation of batteries --- mathematical optimization --- battery swap station --- charging station --- demand management --- demand response --- electric vehicle --- electricity markets --- power quality --- Vehicle-to-Grid --- smart grid --- power system --- distributed generation --- micro-grid --- load flow --- measurement uncertainties --- Isolated/Islanded Microgrids --- planning --- operation --- Demand-Side Management --- Microgrid --- DER --- MILP --- run-time --- full time-series optimization --- data reduction --- DER-CAM --- XENDEE --- DC microgrid --- power conditioner system --- scalable microgrid