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This paper reviews the reasons why domestic dogs make good models to investigate cognitive processes related to social living and describes experimental approaches that can be adopted to investigate such processes in dogs. Domestic dogs are suitable models for investigating social cognition skills for three broad reasons. First, dogs originated from wolves, social animals that engage in a number of co-operative behaviours, such as hunting and that may have evolved cognitive abilities that help them predict and interpret the actions of other animals. Second, during domestication dogs are likely to have been selected for mental adaptations for their roles in human society such as herding or companionship. Third, domestic dogs live in a human world and "enculturation" may facilitate the development of relevant mental skills in dogs. Studies of social cognition in animals commonly use experimental paradigms originally developed for pre-verbal human infants. Preferential gaze, for example, can be used as a measure of attention or "surprise" in studies using expectancy violation. This approach has been used to demonstrate simple numerical competence in dogs. Dogs also readily use both conspecific and human social signals (e.g. looking or pointing) as information sources to locate hidden rewards such as food or favourite toys. Such abilities make dogs particularly good models for investigating perspective-taking tasks, where animals are required to discriminate between apparently knowledgeable and apparently ignorant informants. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
Ability. --- Adaptation. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Attention. --- Behavior. --- Behaviour. --- Boxes. --- Canine. --- Canis-familiaris. --- Canis. --- Children. --- Cognition. --- Cognitive-ability. --- Communicative signs. --- Comprehension. --- Conspecific. --- Counting. --- Development. --- Discriminate. --- Dog. --- Dogs. --- Domestic dog. --- Domestication. --- Food. --- Human infants. --- Human. --- Hunting. --- Infant. --- Information. --- Mind. --- Model. --- Models. --- Neocortex size. --- Object permanence. --- Paper. --- Perspective taking. --- Pigs. --- Primates. --- Review. --- Reward. --- Social cognition. --- Social. --- Task. --- Tasks. --- Theory of mind. --- Time. --- Toy. --- Toys. --- Wolf. --- Wolves.
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"A magnum opus from one of Piaget's most important students. This books seeks to synthesize Piaget's psychology with findings in modern neuroscience to explain cognitive development"--
Cognition. --- Developmental psychology. --- Task analysis. --- Analysis, Task --- Evaluation --- Development (Psychology) --- Developmental psychobiology --- Psychology --- Life cycle, Human --- cognitive development --- endogenous --- mental --- or executive attention --- working memory --- mental processes in infancy --- task analysis of symbolic processes --- processing complexity --- theory of constructive operators --- neoPiagetian theory --- constructivism --- consciousness --- schemes or schemas --- cognitive neuropsychology --- intelligence --- developmental stages --- schemes --- theory of development --- epistemology --- dialectics --- abstraction --- dialectical constructivism --- reality resistances --- overdetermination --- mental attention --- causal theories --- equilibration --- accommodation --- constructivist learning --- functional invariants --- misleading versus facilitating situations --- learning paradox --- reflective abstraction --- mediation --- Piagetian conservation --- affect and emotion processes --- sensorimotor stages --- mental-attention in infancy --- emergence of symbolic function --- task analysis of infancy tasks --- cognitive versus affective schemes --- signals versus symbols --- consciousness in infants --- M-power versus M-demand trade-off --- theory of mind --- object permanence --- semiotics --- signalic versus symbolic function --- iconic versus indexical function --- distal versus proximal object --- chimpanzees' symbols --- intentionality --- types of schemes --- scheme learning --- sensorimotor versus symbolic executives --- hierarchical reinforcement learning --- operative schemes --- figurative schemes --- executive schemes --- resistances --- expectancies --- automatic or effortless attention --- type-1 versus type-2 thinking --- facilitating versus misleading situations --- mental flow --- automatic inhibition --- internal field factor --- mental or effortful attention --- affects a --- COGNITIVE SCIENCES/Psychology/Developmental Psychology --- NEUROSCIENCE/Neuropsychology
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