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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Science: general issues --- Medical microbiology & virology --- Microbiology (non-medical) --- sustainable agriculture --- greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation --- C transformation and stability --- extreme weather events --- elevated CO2 and O3

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Science: general issues --- Medical microbiology & virology --- Microbiology (non-medical) --- sustainable agriculture --- greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation --- C transformation and stability --- extreme weather events --- elevated CO2 and O3 --- sustainable agriculture --- greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation --- C transformation and stability --- extreme weather events --- elevated CO2 and O3

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Biotransformation has accompanied mankind since the Neolithic community, when people settled down and began to engage in agriculture. Modern biocatalysis started in the mid-1850s with the pioneer works of Pasteur. Today, biotransformations have become an indispensable part of our lives, similar to other hi-tech products. Now, in 2019, biocatalysis “received” the Nobel Prize in Chemistry due to prof. Frances H. Arnold’s achievements in the area of the directed evolution of enzymes. This book deals with some major topics of biotransformation, such as the application of enzymatic methods in glycobiology, including the synthesis of hyaluronan, complex glycoconjugates of N-acetylmuramic acid, and the enzymatic deglycosylation of rutin. Enzymatic redox reactions were exemplified by the enzymatic synthesis of indigo from indole, oxidations of β-ketoesters and the engineering of a horse radish peroxidase. The enzymatic reactions were elegantly employed in biosensors, such as glucose oxidase, in the case of electrochemical glucose sensors. Nitrilases are important enzymes for nitrile metabolism in plants and microorganisms have already found broad application in industry—here, these enzymes were for the first time described in Basidiomyceta. This book nicely describes molecular biocatalysis as a pluripotent methodology—“A jack of all trades...”—which strongly contributes to the high quality and sustainability of our daily lives.

AIRS --- MERRA-2 --- ozone --- trend --- spatial and temporal O3 --- cultivars --- EDU (ethylenediurea) --- grain yield --- India --- wheat --- Crown defoliation --- drought --- Gross Primary Production --- modified Temperature Vegetation Wetness Index --- MODIS --- Soil Moisture --- chlorophyll fluorescence --- elevated O3 --- N limitation --- non-photochemical quenching --- photodamage --- allometric relationship --- determinant species --- leaf aging --- stomatal conductance --- ozone uptake --- Vitis vinifera --- open top chambers --- ozone damage metrics --- wine quality --- air pollution --- carbon dioxide --- ethylenediurea --- gross primary production --- plant protection --- tropospheric ozone --- plant ecosystems

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Air --- Photochemistry --- Ozone --- Smog --- Pollution --- Congresses --- Particulate Matter --- Oxygen --- Environmental Pollution --- Public Health --- Gases --- Complex Mixtures --- Inorganic Chemicals --- Environment and Public Health --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Health Care --- Air Pollution --- Civil & Environmental Engineering --- Chemistry --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Chemistry - General --- Environmental Engineering --- 546.214 <063> --- 541.182.3 <063> --- 543.27 <063> --- 551.510 <063> --- -Ozone --- -Photochemistry --- -Smog --- -Air --- Fog --- Smoke --- Smaze --- Light --- Photolysis (Chemistry) --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Chemical tests and reagents --- Atmosphere --- Ozone O3--Congressen --- Disperse phase solid. Smoke. Dust--Congressen --- Sampling and analysis of gas, including air--Congressen --- Physical properties, composition, general structure of the atmosphere--Congressen --- -Congresses --- Chemical action --- Congresses. --- -Ozone O3--Congressen --- 551.510 <063> Physical properties, composition, general structure of the atmosphere--Congressen --- 543.27 <063> Sampling and analysis of gas, including air--Congressen --- 541.182.3 <063> Disperse phase solid. Smoke. Dust--Congressen --- 546.214 <063> Ozone O3--Congressen --- -Light --- Pollution&delete& --- Aérosols --- Pollution atmosphérique --- Air - Pollution - Congresses --- Photochemistry - Congresses --- Ozone - Congresses --- Smog - Congresses --- Reaction (chemistry) --- Simulation model

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Volcanoes release plumes of gas and ash to the atmosphere during episodes of passive and explosive behavior. These ejecta have important implications for the chemistry and composition of the troposphere and stratosphere, with the capacity to alter Earth's radiation budget and climate system over a range of temporal and spatial scales. Volcanogenic sulphur dioxide reacts to form sulphate aerosols, which increase global albedo, e.g., by reducing surface temperatures, in addition to perturbing the formation processes and optical properties of clouds. Released halogen species can also deplete stratospheric and tropospheric ozone. Volcanic degassing, furthermore, played a key role in the formation of Earth’s atmosphere, and volcanic plumes can affect air quality, pose hazards to aviation and human health, as well as damage ecosystems. The chemical compositions and emission rates of volcanic plumes are also monitored via a range of direct-sampling and remote-sensing instrumentation, in order to gain insights into subterranean processes, in the respect of the magmatic bodies these volatiles exsolve from. Given the significant role these gases play in driving volcanic activity, e.g., via pressurisation, the study of volcanic plumes is proving to be an increasingly fruitful means of improving our understanding of volcanic systems, potentially in concert with observations from geophysics and contributions from fluid dynamical modelling of conduit dynamics.

radioactive disequilibria 210Pb-210Bi-210Po --- volcanic geochemistry --- radiative transfer --- spherical-cap bubble --- plume --- satellite remote sensing --- portable photometry --- puffing --- Holuhraun --- interdisciplinary volcanology --- gas slug --- atmospheric remote sensing --- analysis software --- gases --- image processing --- remote sensing --- SEVIRI data --- oxygen and sulfur multi-isotopes --- nonlinear spectral unmixing --- UV cameras --- ultraviolet cameras --- cloud height --- atmospheric chemistry --- Python 2.7 --- degassing processes --- volcanic plumes --- fissure eruption --- radiative forcing --- basaltic volcanism --- volcanic plume top height --- O3 --- eruption start and duration --- Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) --- volcanic emissions --- volcanology --- volcanic CO2 flux --- volcanic aerosols --- 2011-2015 Etna lava fountains --- SO2 --- reactive halogen --- nonlinear PCA --- gas --- Etna volcano --- geochemical modelling --- BrO --- volcanic sulfate aerosols --- volcanic gases --- SSA --- hyperspectral remote sensing --- time averaged discharge rate --- eruption monitoring --- Bárðarbunga --- strombolian --- aerosol optical properties --- Mount Etna --- Taylor bubble --- radioactive disequilibria 210Pb-210Bi-210Po --- volcanic geochemistry --- radiative transfer --- spherical-cap bubble --- plume --- satellite remote sensing --- portable photometry --- puffing --- Holuhraun --- interdisciplinary volcanology --- gas slug --- atmospheric remote sensing --- analysis software --- gases --- image processing --- remote sensing --- SEVIRI data --- oxygen and sulfur multi-isotopes --- nonlinear spectral unmixing --- UV cameras --- ultraviolet cameras --- cloud height --- atmospheric chemistry --- Python 2.7 --- degassing processes --- volcanic plumes --- fissure eruption --- radiative forcing --- basaltic volcanism --- volcanic plume top height --- O3 --- eruption start and duration --- Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) --- volcanic emissions --- volcanology --- volcanic CO2 flux --- volcanic aerosols --- 2011-2015 Etna lava fountains --- SO2 --- reactive halogen --- nonlinear PCA --- gas --- Etna volcano --- geochemical modelling --- BrO --- volcanic sulfate aerosols --- volcanic gases --- SSA --- hyperspectral remote sensing --- time averaged discharge rate --- eruption monitoring --- Bárðarbunga --- strombolian --- aerosol optical properties --- Mount Etna --- Taylor bubble