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Psychology --- Behavioral Sciences. --- Psychometrics. --- Research Design. --- Probability & Statistics. --- Research --- Research. --- psychology, null hypothesis

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the Null Hypothesis --- Psi --- ESP --- parapsychology --- dream ESP studies --- physics --- false memories --- anomalous experiences --- consciousness --- magic --- extrasensory perception --- psychokinesis

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Many scientists now widely agree that the current paradigm of statistical significance should be abandoned or largely modified. In response to these calls for change, a Special Issue of Econometrics (MDPI) has been proposed. This book is a collection of the articles that have been published in this Special Issue. These seven articles add new insights to the problem and propose new methods that lay a solid foundation for the new paradigm for statistical significance.

p-value --- Bayesian --- model specification --- model testing --- reporting results (p-values) --- replications --- equivalence --- minimum-effect --- non-inferiority --- point-null hypothesis testing --- zero probability paradox --- t-statistic --- pretest estimator --- model averaging --- a priori procedure --- null hypothesis significance testing --- confidence intervals --- p-values --- estimation --- hypothesis testing --- replication crisis --- profit maximization --- market failure --- teaching of econometrics --- regression analysis --- economics pedagogy --- n/a

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Why psychology is in peril as a scientific discipline - and how to save it. Psychological science has made extraordinary discoveries about the human mind, but can we trust everything its practitioners are telling us? In recent years, it has become increasingly apparent that a lot of research in psychology is based on weak evidence, questionable practices, and sometimes even fraud. The Seven Deadly Sins of Psychology diagnoses the ills besetting the discipline today and proposes sensible, practical solutions to ensure that it remains a legitimate and reliable science in the years ahead. In this unflinchingly candid manifesto, Chris Chambers draws on his own experiences as a working scientist to reveal a dark side to psychology that few of us ever see. Using the seven deadly sins as a metaphor, he shows how practitioners are vulnerable to powerful biases that undercut the scientific method, how they routinely torture data until it produces outcomes that can be published in prestigious journals, and how studies are much less reliable than advertised. He reveals how a culture of secrecy denies the public and other researchers access to the results of psychology experiments, how fraudulent academics can operate with impunity, and how an obsession with bean counting creates perverse incentives for academics. Left unchecked, these problems threaten the very future of psychology as a science - but help is here. Outlining a core set of best practices that can be applied across the sciences, Chambers demonstrates how all these sins can be corrected by embracing open science, an emerging philosophy that seeks to make research and its outcomes as transparent as possible.

Psychology --- Psychologie --- Research --- Methodology --- Recherche --- Méthodologie --- Psychology, Clinical. --- Methodology. --- Research. --- Philosophy of science --- Méthodologie --- Recherche. --- Méthodologie. --- Psychological research --- Psychology, Clinical --- Academic publishing. --- Adversarial collaboration. --- Alzheimer's disease. --- Ambiguity. --- American Psychological Association. --- Article processing charge. --- Author. --- Bayes' theorem. --- Bayesian. --- Blog. --- Calculation. --- Career. --- Center for Open Science. --- Cherry picking. --- Cognitive psychology. --- Confirmation bias. --- Counting. --- Criticism. --- Data set. --- Data. --- Edition (book). --- Editorial. --- Effect size. --- Estimation. --- Experiment. --- Experimental psychology. --- Explanation. --- Fallacy. --- False positive rate. --- Finding. --- Fraud. --- Funding. --- Guideline. --- Hypothetico-deductive model. --- Impact factor. --- Independent scientist. --- Institution. --- Jargon. --- John Bargh. --- Law of small numbers. --- Literature. --- Manuscript. --- Meta-analysis. --- Misconduct. --- Narrative. --- Null hypothesis. --- Open science. --- P-value. --- PLOS ONE. --- PLOS. --- Paperback. --- Participant. --- Paywall. --- Peer review. --- Percentage. --- Post hoc analysis. --- Postdoctoral researcher. --- Precognition. --- Prevalence. --- Probability. --- Psychiatry. --- Psychological Science. --- Psychological research. --- Psychologist. --- Psychology. --- Psychonomic Society. --- Publication bias. --- Publication. --- Publishing. --- Quantity. --- Raw data. --- Reprimand. --- Reproducibility. --- Reputation. --- Requirement. --- Result. --- Reuse. --- Sample Size. --- Sampling (statistics). --- Science. --- Scientific literature. --- Scientific method. --- Scientific misconduct. --- Scientist. --- Scrutiny (journal). --- Scrutiny. --- Sharing. --- Signature. --- Social psychology. --- Statistical hypothesis testing. --- Statistical power. --- Statistical significance. --- Statistician. --- Statistics. --- Suggestion. --- Tilburg University. --- Type I and type II errors. --- Whistleblower. --- Writing. --- Méthodologie.

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"How the medieval church drove state formation in EuropeSacred Foundations argues that the medieval church was a fundamental force in European state formation. Existing accounts focus on early modern warfare or contracts between the rulers and the ruled. In contrast, this major study shows that the Catholic Church both competed with medieval monarchs and provided critical templates for governing institutions, the rule of law, and parliaments.The Catholic Church was the most powerful, wealthiest, and best-organized political actor in the Middle Ages. Starting in the eleventh century, the papacy fought for the autonomy of the church, challenging European rulers and then claiming authority over people, territory, and monarchs alike. Anna Grzymała-Busse demonstrates how the church shaped distinct aspects of the European state. Conflicts with the papacy fragmented territorial authority in Europe for centuries to come, propagating urban autonomy and ideas of sovereignty. Thanks to its organizational advantages and human capital, the church also developed the institutional precedents adopted by rulers across Europe-from chanceries and taxation to courts and councils. Church innovations made possible both the rule of law and parliamentary representation.Bringing to light a wealth of historical evidence about papal conflict, excommunications, and ecclesiastical institutions, Sacred Foundations reveals how the challenge and example of powerful religious authorities gave rise to secular state institutions and galvanized state capacity"-- "Sacred Foundations argues that the medieval church was a fundamental force in European state formation. Existing accounts focus on early modern warfare or contracts between the rulers and the ruled. In contrast, this major study shows that the Catholic Church both competed with medieval monarchs and provided critical templates for governing institutions, the rule of law, and parliaments. The Catholic Church was the most powerful, wealthiest, and best-organized political actor in the Middle Ages. Starting in the eleventh century, the papacy fought for the autonomy of the church, challenging European rulers and then claiming authority over people, territory, and monarchs alike. Anna Grzymała-Busse demonstrates how the church shaped distinct aspects of the European state. Conflicts with the papacy fragmented territorial authority in Europe for centuries to come, propagating urban autonomy and ideas of sovereignty. Thanks to its organizational advantages and human capital, the church also developed the institutional precedents adopted by rulers across Europe-from chanceries and taxation to courts and councils. Church innovations made possible both the rule of law and parliamentary representation. Bringing to light a wealth of historical evidence about papal conflict, excommunications, and ecclesiastical institutions, Sacred Foundations reveals how the challenge and example of powerful religious authorities gave rise to secular state institutions and galvanized state capacity"--

Church and state --- Christianity --- History. --- Influence. --- Europe --- Council of Europe countries --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia --- Church history --- Politics and government --- History --- 14th century. --- Adversarial system. --- Arbitration award. --- Archbishop of Canterbury. --- Archdeacon. --- Audit. --- Avignon. --- Baron. --- Benefice. --- Canon law (Catholic Church). --- Capitalism. --- Catholic Church in England and Wales. --- Cistercians. --- Clergy. --- Commercial Revolution. --- Common Pool. --- Conciliarism. --- Consent. --- Control variable. --- Criminal law. --- De facto. --- Debtor. --- Doctrine. --- Donation of Constantine. --- Dummy variable (statistics). --- Early modern period. --- Enthusiasm. --- Eternal life (Christianity). --- Exchequer. --- Excommunication. --- Exemption (church). --- Expenditure. --- Expense. --- Fisc. --- Forms of government. --- Friar. --- Fuero. --- Holy Roman Empire. --- Human capital. --- Hussite Wars. --- Imperial election. --- Institution. --- Interdependence. --- Investiture Controversy. --- Jean Gerson. --- Joint attention. --- Jurisdiction. --- Jurist. --- Justice of the peace. --- Justification (theology). --- Language code. --- Language. --- Languedoc. --- Lawyer. --- Lollardy. --- Lump sum. --- Magnanimity. --- Merciless Parliament. --- Moneyer. --- Monogamy. --- Null hypothesis. --- Pacta sunt servanda. --- Panel data. --- Pawnbroker. --- Pope Gregory IX. --- Pope Leo X. --- Pope Paul III. --- Pope Pius X. --- Pope. --- Popularity. --- Precedent. --- Prerogative. --- Property law. --- Prosecutor. --- Public morality. --- Reprisal. --- Residence. --- Right of passage. --- Roman Law. --- Ruler. --- Scientist. --- Separation of church and state. --- Skill. --- Social environment. --- Social intelligence. --- Sources of law. --- Sovereignty. --- Spoken language. --- State formation. --- Statutes of Mortmain. --- Superiority (short story). --- Supranational union. --- Symbolic communication. --- Tax. --- Throne. --- Tories (British political party). --- Whigs (British political party). --- William of Ockham. --- World government. --- Writ of prohibition. --- Canon law --- Clergy --- Clergy members --- Clergymen --- Diocesan clergy --- Ecclesiastics --- Indigenous clergy --- Major orders --- Members of the clergy --- Ministers (Clergy) --- Ministers of the gospel --- Native clergy --- Ordained clergy --- Ordained ministers --- Orders, Major --- Pastors --- Rectors --- Secular clergy --- Religious leaders --- Public law (Canon law) --- Law --- Ecclesiastical law --- Rescripts, Papal --- Catholic Church --- Christian church history --- History of Europe --- anno 500-1499 --- anno 1500-1799 --- Dogma.