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This volume includes comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of all nucleic acid-specific steps used in X-ray crystallography, from macromolecule production to structure determination. Chapters dedicated to RNA preparation and crystallogenesis will be of interest to beginners, while chapters focused on data collection, phasing and refinement will be particularly useful to researchers with a higher level of expertise. Several functional case studies are also presented in the last part of the book. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.   Authoritative and thorough, Nucleic Acid Crystallography: Methods and Protocols presents protocols that are aimed at both researchers and students who are interested in the structural biology of DNA or RNA, alone or in complex with proteins or ligands.  .

Nucleic acids. --- Nucleic Acid Chemistry. --- Polynucleotides --- Biomolecules

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This book presents a novel method of synthesizing sequence-specific DNA binding pyrrole–imidazole (Py–Im) polyamides and demonstrates polyamides targeting longer base pairs than those previously reported and their cellular application. It discusses the development of the facile synthetic method of tandem hairpin Py–Im polyamides and the method of visualizing telomeres under mild conditions without harsh denaturation, as well as research resulting in the synthesis not only of previously reported tandem dimer polyamides but also longer tandem trimer and tetramer polyamides. Using fluorescently labeled tandem hairpin Py–Im polyamides targeting a human telomere repetitive sequence, the author successfully stained telomeres in fixed cells without denaturation. These fluorescently labeled tandem tetramer polyamides are able to visualize human telomeres with lower background signals than previous polyamide probes, suggesting that they have higher specificity for telomeres. As such, this book provides insights into recent advance in Py–Im polyamides, particularly the extension of the target sites and improvement of the specificity, which can be applied to the study of pyrrole–imidazole polyamides with higher sequence specificity and the function of telomeres.

Bioorganic chemistry. --- Nucleic acids. --- Bioorganic Chemistry. --- Nucleic Acid Chemistry. --- Polynucleotides --- Biomolecules --- Bio-organic chemistry --- Biological organic chemistry --- Biochemistry --- Chemistry, Organic

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In Nucleic Acid Chemistry: Methods and Protocols, expert researches in the field detail techniques and approaches for the detection of DNA and RNA. These techniques include the recovery of trace amounts of DNA for amplification and analysis, new qPCR chemistries, new application of isothermal amplification techniques, assays with visual or electric signals for point-of-care diagnostics, improvement of fluorescent in situ hybridization, and new signal amplification techniques. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and key tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.   Authoritative and practical, Nucleic Acid Chemistry: Methods and Protocols seeks to aid scientists in the further study of detection for DNA and RNA.

Human genetics. --- Nucleic acids. --- Human Genetics. --- Nucleic Acid Chemistry. --- Polynucleotides --- Biomolecules --- Genetics --- Heredity, Human --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology

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The discovery of catalytic RNAs in the mid-1980s marked the beginning of a new era in RNA biology and an ever increasing appreciation of the diverse and critical roles played by this fascinating molecule. In Recombinant and In Vitro RNA Synthesis: Methods and Protocols, expert researchers in the field detail approaches from the inception of a new RNA project to the final sample ready for analysis. These experimental protocols combine established work-horse approaches with some of the latest innovative methods for RNA synthesis and purification. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology™ series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and key tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.   Authoritative and practical, Recombinant and In Vitro RNA Synthesis: Methods and Protocols aids scientists in continuing to study the fascinating world of RNA.

Human genetics. --- Nucleic acids. --- Human Genetics. --- Nucleic Acid Chemistry. --- Polynucleotides --- Biomolecules --- Genetics --- Heredity, Human --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology

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This book explores the broad and diverse biological and physiological impacts of established and newly discovered cyclic di-nucleotide second messenger signaling systems, while also providing descriptions of the intriguing biochemical characteristics of multiple turnover enzymes and receptors. The respective chapters discuss the commonalities and diversity of cyclic di-GMP, cyclic di-AMP and recently discovered cyclic GMP-AMP signaling systems in manifold Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The global human pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae, the facultative human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, global plant pathogens as exemplified by Xanthomonas campestris and Burkholderia spp., and the omnipresent probiotic Lactobacilli, as well as environmentally important photoautotrophic cyanobacteria, the multicellular Myxococcus xanthus, and chemolithotrophic Acidithiobacillus are among the representatives of the microbial kingdom that are described. In turn, the various aspects of bacterial physiology affected by these signaling systems– e.g. biofilm formation and dispersal, the cell cycle, motility, virulence, production of antimicrobials, fundamental metabolism and osmohomeostasis – are discussed in detail in the context of different microorganisms. Dedicated chapters focus on the population diversity of cyclic dinucleotide signaling systems, their tendency to be horizontally transferred, the cyclic di-GMP signaling system in the social amoeba Dictyostelium, honorary cyclic (di)nucleotides, and the development of strategies for interfering with cyclic dinucleotide signaling in order to manipulate microbial behavior. Taken together, the chapters provide an authoritative source of information for a broad readership: beginners and advanced researchers from various disciplines; individuals seeking a broad overview of cyclic di-nucleotide signaling; and those who want to learn more about specific aspects. Also featuring reviews with a forward-looking perspective, the book offers a valuable source of inspiration for future research directions.

Bacteriology. --- Nucleic acids. --- Proteins . --- Medical microbiology. --- Nucleic Acid Chemistry. --- Receptors. --- Medical Microbiology. --- Proteids --- Biomolecules --- Polypeptides --- Proteomics --- Polynucleotides --- Microbiology --- Cyclic nucleotides. --- Nucleotides