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The out-of-pile bundle experiment QUENCH-16 on air ingress was conducted in the electrically heated 21-rod QUENCH facility at KIT in July 2011. The oxidation of the Zircaloy-4 claddings in air following a limited pre-oxidation in steam was examined. Three contributors for intensive hydrogen production during the final reflood were identified: 1. re-oxidation of nitrides, 2. secondary oxidation of cladding metal by steam penetrated through the porous re-oxidized scales and 3. melt oxidation.
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Pressure vessels. --- Thermoelasticity. --- Nuclear fuel elements --- Nuclear fuel elements
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Nuclear fuel elements --- Nuclear facilities --- Computer programs.
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Flow boiling of a liquid is characterized by a high heat transfer from the heated surface into the fluid. However, the nucleate boiling regime is limited by the occurrence of the critical heat flux (CHF) leading to a possible thermal damage of the heated surface. The influence of tube surfaces structured with elevations in nano- and microscale, micro-channels, and porous or oxidized layers on CHF was experimentally investigated in a low pressure steam/water test facility.
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