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Cognition. --- Exploratory Behavior. --- Imagination. --- Play and Playthings. --- 159.92 --- Child psychology --- Cognition in children --- -Curiosity in children --- -Imagination in children --- -Play --- -Recreations --- Recreation --- Amusements --- Games --- Curiosity (Child psychology) --- Emotions in children --- Cognition (Child psychology) --- Thought and thinking in children --- Behavior, Child --- Child behavior --- Child study --- Children --- Pediatric psychology --- Psychology, Child --- Child development --- Developmental psychology --- Psychology --- Child psychiatry --- Child rearing --- Educational psychology --- Play --- Playthings --- Puppets --- Toys --- Plays --- Plaything --- Playthings and Play --- Puppet --- Toy --- Imaginations --- Curiosity --- Novelty-Seeking Behavior --- Behavior, Exploratory --- Behavior, Novelty-Seeking --- Behaviors, Exploratory --- Behaviors, Novelty-Seeking --- Curiosities --- Exploratory Behaviors --- Novelty Seeking Behavior --- Novelty-Seeking Behaviors --- Cognitive Function --- Cognitions --- Cognitive Functions --- Function, Cognitive --- Functions, Cognitive --- Geestelijke ontwikkeling en vermogen. Ontwikkelingspsychologie --- Congresses. --- Congresses --- Psychological aspects --- -Congresses --- -Geestelijke ontwikkeling en vermogen. Ontwikkelingspsychologie --- 159.92 Geestelijke ontwikkeling en vermogen. Ontwikkelingspsychologie --- -159.92 Geestelijke ontwikkeling en vermogen. Ontwikkelingspsychologie --- Recreations --- Curiosity in children --- Imagination in children --- Cognition --- Exploratory Behavior --- Imagination --- Play and Playthings --- Psychological aspects&delete&

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Elevated levels of novelty seeking are often seen during adolescence. Recent studies using a conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm have shown that novelty may be rewarding for adult rats. The present study explored the impact of age, sex, and isolation stress on novelty seeking and novelty reward by assessing novel object-induced CPP in adolescent and adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats housed either socially or in isolation. Responding to the novel objects during conditioning was higher in adolescent animals than adults, and was suppressed by social isolation only in adulthood, particularly among males. Novel object CPP was strong among adolescent males, whereas only socially isolated adult males demonstrated preference for the compartment paired with the novel objects. This age difference was not evident in females, with both adolescent and adult group-housed females, but not their isolated counterparts, showing novel-object place conditioning. These dissociations between novelty-directed behaviors during conditioning and novelty reward in the CPP paradigm support the suggestion that mechanisms underlying novelty seeking are separable from those involved in the rewarding effects of novelty. High levels of novelty seeking demonstrated by adolescents do not necessarily predict high rewarding properties of novelty, with the latter also being influenced by environmental and gender-related factors. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Adolescence. --- Adult rats. --- Adult-rat. --- Adult-rats. --- Adult. --- Adulthood. --- Age. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Antagonism. --- Behavior. --- Behavioral-responses. --- Conditioned place preference. --- Conditioning. --- Developmental differences. --- Female rats. --- Female. --- Females. --- Inhibition. --- Isolation stress. --- Isolation. --- Level. --- Male. --- Males. --- Mechanisms. --- Novelty-seeking. --- Novelty. --- Object. --- Objects. --- Preference. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Rattus-norvegicus. --- Reared rats. --- Reward. --- Seeking. --- Sex differences. --- Sex-differences. --- Sex. --- Sexes. --- Social isolation. --- Social-isolation. --- Social. --- Sprague-dawley rats. --- Sprague-dawley. --- Stress. --- Time.

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A variety of recent rodent studies have suggested the use of an enriched environment as a strategy to increase the welfare of captive animals. However, a number of standard procedures of environmental enrichment are applied without taking into account the etho-ecological, species-specific, needs of laboratory animals. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the age and sex differences in the utilisation of a physically-enriched environment, consisting of four differently-shaped plastic compartments: a central chamber, a circle, a running wheel and a tower. These compartments are characterised by features (e.g. size, lightness, presence of food, opportunity to perform physical activity) of eco-ethological relevance for the mouse, the most common laboratory species. Presence and activity in each cage compartment during 5 consecutive days were assessed in juvenile (35 days old) and adult (90 days old) CD-1 mice of both sexes. Mice explored all the compartments, spending most of the time in the central chamber and making an extensive use of the running wheel. Juveniles of both sexes and adult males showed a prominent occupation of the central chamber, where food and sawdust were located, and they widely used it to sleep, suggesting that food availability might be a relevant factor in driving their choice of the resting location. Conversely, adult females displayed a more complex utilisation profile and preferentially stayed in the tower while inactive, suggesting that safety needs, that the covered structure of this compartment probably cater for, may be more relevant for them than availability of food and water resource. These findings indicate that in laboratory mice the features of an enriched environment are differentially relevant according to age and sex and, thus, may exert a different impact on their psycho-physical welfare. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Activity. --- Adolescent mice. --- Adult. --- Age and etho-ecological needs. --- Age. --- Animal welfare. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Behaviour. --- Boxes. --- Cage. --- Choice. --- Deer mice. --- Enriched environment. --- Enriched. --- Enrichment. --- Environment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Female. --- Females. --- Food availability. --- Food. --- Gender. --- Increase. --- Laboratory animals. --- Laboratory mice. --- Laboratory-animals. --- Laboratory. --- Locomotor-activity. --- Male. --- Males. --- Mice. --- Microtus-pennsylvanicus. --- Mouse. --- Mus-musculus. --- Need. --- Needs. --- Nesting materials. --- Novelty seeking. --- Old. --- Periadolescent mice. --- Physical activity. --- Physical-activity. --- Physical. --- Relevance. --- Rodent. --- Running wheel. --- Sex difference. --- Sex differences. --- Sex-differences. --- Sex. --- Sexes. --- Size. --- Sleep. --- Spatial ability. --- Strategies. --- Strategy. --- Time. --- Welfare.