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NON-STATE ACTORS (INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS) --- HUMANITARIAN LAW

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Militias and paramilitary groups wield greater power than national governments in many countries, while in some war zones private contractors perform missions previously reserved for uniformed troops. Most ominously, terrorist organizations with global reach have come to define the security landscape for even the most powerful nations. Across the first decades of the 21st century we have witnessed a dramatic rise in the use of military force by these nonstate actors in ways that have impacted the international system, leading the author to undertake this assessment of the state of play at  this critical moment. To understand the spread of nonstate violence, he focuses on the crucial role played by an epochal transformation in international norms. Since the eighteenth century, the Westphalian model of sovereignty has reserved the legitimate use of force to states. The author argues that normative changes in the decades after World War II produced a 'crisis of coherence' for formal and informal rules against nonstate violence. This book explains how forces contesting state prerogatives exploited this crisis, which in turn reshaped international understandings of who could legitimately use force.

POLITICAL VIOLENCE --- NON-STATE ACTORS (INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS)

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Violent nonstate actors (VNSAs) obtain money from multiple sources, both licit (e.g., donations and legitimate businesses) and illicit (e.g., extortion, smuggling, theft). They use that money to pay, equip, and sustain their fighters and to provide services to local populations, which can help build support for the groups, allowing them to extract resources, gain safe havens, and challenge state authority and territorial control. In this way, financial resources can prolong conflicts and undermine stabilization efforts after the fighting ends. Countering VNSA financing plays a critical role in degrading such organizations. Various means are available to disrupt financing. These include kinetic means, such as destroying resources or neutralizing leadership, and nonkinetic means, such as targeted financial sanctions and legal remedies. The counter–threat financing (CTF) tools that work best for transnational groups may not work as well for national ones, and some tools may prove counterproductive in certain situations. Which tools to use in a given case is not always obvious. The authors draw lessons from efforts against five VNSA groups to discover, in each case, how they financed their activities and for what purposes, as well as which methods to counter this financing worked best and which were counterproductive. The authors then consider what the U.S. Army can do to support counter–terrorism financing efforts.

Terrorism --- Non-state actors (International relations) --- Finance.

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NON-STATE ACTORS (INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS) --- POLITICAL VIOLENCE --- TERRORISM

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Intrastate conflicts, such as civil wars and ethnic confrontations, are the predominant form of organized violence in the world today. But internal strife can destabilize entire regions, drawing in people living beyond state borders - particularly those who share ideology, ethnicity, or kinship with one of the groups involved. These nonstate actors army not be enlisted in formal armies or political parties, but they can play a significant role in a conflict. For example, when foreign volunteers forge alliances with domestic groups, they tend to attract other foreign interventions and may incite the state to centralize its power. Diasporan populations, depending on their connection to their homeland, might engage politically through financial support or overt aggression, either exacerbating or mitigating the conflict. This book takes an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the ways external individuals and groups become entangled with volatile states and how they influence the outcome of hostilities within a country's borders.

INSURGENCY --- CIVIL WAR --- NON-STATE ACTORS (INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS) --- ETHNIC CONFLICT